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Lecture Notes - Instructor Adelson > Development & Inheritance/Labor & Delivery/Blood Types > Flashcards

Development & Inheritance/Labor & Delivery/Blood Types Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

Gradual modification of structures and physiologic characteristics during the period from conception to maturity

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

Creation of different cell types as one cell becomes trillions

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3
Q

Developmental stages

Prenatal - Post-natal

A

Prenatal Development

  • Fertilization (conception) zygote - starts at conception (union of egg and sperm) until the blasyocyst (developing zygote) implants itself in the uterine wall, approximately 6-7 days
  • Embryological (embryo) 1-8 weeks - germ layers differentiate into different tissues and structures
  • Fetal Development (fetus) 9+ weeks - structures differentiated during the fetal stage continue to develop and grow

Postnatal Development

Birth ⇒ Maturity

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4
Q

Fertilization

A

Conception; formation of zygote

Takes place in upper third of the uterine tube

Process of Fertiliazation

For fertilization to occur a viable sperm (which has met the conditions of capacitation) must reach the upper third of the uterine tube and penetrate a secondary oocyte within 12 to 24 hours after ovulation.

The enzymes within the acrosomal cap are released which help break down the bonds of the corona radiata, a protective shell that surrounds the secondary oocyte.

If a sperm is successful in penetrating the oocyte, a fusion of membranes takes place which

  • Triggers oocyte activation
  • Sperm will be engulfed into cytoplasm of secondary oocyte
  • each nucleas reorganizes to become a pronucleas, then they fuse to complete fertilization
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5
Q

Pregnancy/Gestation

Trimesters

A

Gestation

  1. First trimester
    • Clevage
    • Morula
    • Blastocyst
    • Implantation
    • Gastrulation
    • Placentation
  2. Second Trimester - Growth
  3. Third Trimester - Functional Organs
    • surfactant develops in last 4 weeks
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6
Q

Germ Layers

A
  • Near inner cell mass of growing mass of cells
  • provides outline for how the body develops over time
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7
Q

Extraembryionic membrane

A

structures that will develop into placenta and umbilical cord

  • yoke sac
  • amnion
  • Allanttois
  • Chorion
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8
Q

Embryonic blood flow

A

2 umbilical arteries - returns deoxygenated blood from embryo

1 umbilical vein - oxygenated blood to embryo

  • The oxygenated blood is delivered from the mother via the placenta and umbilical vein which passes through the fetus’ liver (located just a few cm’s inside of umbilicus) and joins the inferior vena cava and flows into the right atrium.
  • Once the blood reaches the right atrium it either falls into the right ventricle or continues on via the formen ovale into the left atrium.
  • The blood that falls into the right ventricle which due to minor flow of blood to non-functioning (still developing) lungs, is pumped through the ductus arteriosum which joins the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch where it joins systemic circulation bypassing pulmonary circulation.
  • If the blood from the umbilical vein passes through formen ovale it will be pumped into left ventricle and out the aorta for systemic circulation.
  • The umbilical arteries collect the deoxygenated blood and return it to the mother via the placenta.
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9
Q

Placental Hormones -

A

Role: Necessary for maintaining pregnancy and preparing mother for delivery

hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) - maintains corpus Luteum ≈ secretion of progesterone

Estrogen -

Progesterone -

Placental Prolactin -

hPL (Human Placental Lactogen) - Prepares mammary glands for milk production

Relaxin -

  • increased flexibility of the pubic symphasis for pelvic expansion during delivery
  • dilation of cervix
  • delays onset of contraction by supressing release of OT
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10
Q

Maternal Changes During Pregnacy

A
  • increased Tidal Volume & Respiratory Rate
  • Increased Bloodvolume - 50% increase by end of gestation
  • Increased requirement of nutrients and vitamins by 10-30%
  • Increased GFR by 50%
  • Slowed GI Motility
  • Increased size of uterus & mammary glands
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11
Q

Labor & Delivery

Partrition & Labor Contractions

A

Patrition - Forcible expulsion of fetus from uterus (delivery)

Labor contractions -

  • initiated by a series of hormone exchanges and actions
  • Initiation of hormones that spurs on labor: Fetal OT release ⇒ maternal OT release ⇒ prostaglandin synthesis ⇒ labor contractions
  • sustained by positive feedback once initiated
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12
Q

Labor & Delivery Stages

A

Dilation stage (approximatley 8+hours - until onset of labor)

  • cervix dilates; fetus slides down cervical canal
  • contractions - one every 10-30/minutes with or without amniotic sac rupture

Expulsion Stage (<2 hours)

  • Fetus forces through the cervix and emerges from the vagina
  • delivery = arrival of fetus to the outside world (birth)

Placental Stage (delivery within 1 hour of fetal delivery)

  • muscle tension builds in the uterus
  • uterus decreases in size
  • contractions cause placenta to tear away from the endometrium
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13
Q

Premature & Immature deliveries

A

Premature Labor - when labor contractions occur before fetal development is complete

  • Usually if birth weight is <500g it is probably going to be an spontaneous abortion = miscarriage; typically not “saveable”

Immature Delivery

  • When birthweight is >500g, baby is considered “saveable”

Weeks Gestation

  • 25-27 weeks - odds are baby will die even with acute care
  • 28-36 weeks -premature delivery; premie
  • 36-40 weeks - full term
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14
Q

Fraternal vs Identical Twins

A

Fraternal Twins - two eggs that were fertilized at the same time

Identical twins - One egg/sperm = zygote which splits into two zygotes in first several days of fertilization

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15
Q

Post-Natal development

Neonatal Development

Birth to 1 month

A

Birth to 1 Month

  • Passing through the Birth Canal squeezes fluid out of lungs
  • A powerful inhalation is required to fill lungs with air (lungs are kind of flat before birth)
  • Inhalation causes seperation of pulmonary and sytemic circulation
  • Foramen Ovale and Ductus Arteriosus close
  • digestive system releases stored waste products (meconium = mucous, bile, epithelial cells)
  • Unable to retain heat efficently or concentrate urine = loses heat to environment easily
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16
Q

Post Natal Development

Infancy & Growth

A
  • Growth largely in response to circulating hormones
  • Change in body proportions; larger tounge, smaller airway
  • baby teeth
  • heavy head/ Larger head relative to body; like a lawn dart
  • Fontanelles
  • Spleen & Liver are more exposed
17
Q

Post Natal Development

Adolesence & Maturity

A
  • From puberty until death
  • increase in GnRH @ hypothalamus - increased production of - FSH, LH, Anterior Pituitary - Gamate formation & secondary sex characteristics
18
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • Mammary Glands are fully Developed @ around 6 months
  • Colostrum - secreted first 2-3 days; contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease, contains mild laxative to promote passage of first stool.
  • Milk Production
  • Infant sucking on nipples triggers receptor stimulus of OT and milk let down
  • contiued stimulation of nipples (positive feedback) = milk production
  • negative feedback = milk production stops when not stimulated
19
Q

Congenital Heart Defects

A
  • Patent Foramen Ovale - Causes L-R Shunt (due to significantly higher pressure in Left Ventrical compared to Right; this is a change physiologically from prebirth/breath that seperates pulmonary circulation from systemic circulation); presents with pulmonary HTN, Pulmonary Edema & Cardiac enlargement
  • Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) - Blood in pulmonary circut - may get R-L Shunt if compounded with other defect; bypassing circulation from going to lungs ie circulating deoxygenated blood
  • Ventral Septal Deficit (VSD) - L-R Shunt; Hole in septal wall between ventricles; pressure is higher in Left ventricle causing same defects as patent Foramen Ovale
  • Tetrology of Fallot - 4 heart problems (requires 3 surgeries)
    • PDA
    • Pulmonary Stenosis
    • Enlarged Right Ventrical
    • VSD
  • Transposition of Great Vessels
    • PDA
    • Aorta from R Ventricle
    • Pulmonary Trunk From L Ventricle
20
Q

Blood Types

A

Type A

  • A Antigen present on RBC
  • B Antibodies Present in Plasma
  • +/- Rh Antigen Present

Type B

  • B Antigen Present on RBC
  • A Antibodies Present in Plasma
  • +/- Rh Antigen Present

Type AB

  • A & B Antigens Present on RBC
  • No Antibodies Present in Plasma
  • +/- Rh Antigen Present
  • AB+ Blood is UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT because it has no antibodies and therfore can recieve all blood types

Type O

  • No Antigens Present on RBC
  • A & B Antibodies Present in Plasma
  • +/- Rh Antigen Present
  • O- is conidered the UNIVERSAL DONOR because it has no Antigens and can mix where there are other antibodies and not cause agglutination and precipitation.

**There are no naturally occuring Anti-Rh antibodies; can be created via 1st and 2nd exposure**

21
Q

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

A

Occurs in 2 pregnancies with Rh- Mother and Rh+ child

(Results from having an RH+ Father)

Rh- Antigen Mother is exposed to Rh+ child during child birth or through the placental barrier.

This first exposure causes Anti-Rh antibodies (IgG) to be produced which lie dormant in case of second exposure.(ie. B cells sensitized, Memory and plasma cells which create Anitbodies (IgG)

If mother becomes pregnant again with a Rh+ child. The maternal Anti-Rh antibodies will cross the blacental barrier and attack the RBC’s of the fetus.

**Treatment is administration of Rhogan IM @ 6mo which prevents the cirriculation of antibodies

22
Q

Sinuses

A

Air filled chambers that make the weight of the head less

Provides space for clearing mucous and things from the respiratory tract

23
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

Bone in head not connected to anything

24
Q

Vertebrae

A

Cervical C1-7

Thoracic T1-12

Lumbar L1-5

Sacryl 5 Fused

Coccyx 3-5 Fused

25
Q

Cervical Responsibilities & Ennervation

A
  • ATLAS - C1 - Responsible for holding head up
  • AXIS - C2 - Responsible for allowing the head to rotate
  • C3-C5 - ennervation for the diaphram
    • Injuries above - require respirator due to inability to breathe on own
    • Below depends where spinal injury occurs as to impairment of function
26
Q

Lumbar Responsibility

A

L1-L5 support most of body weight

Where most back injuries occur

27
Q

Ribs

A

1-7 True ribs = connected directly to sternum

8-12 False ribs connected in front and back by cartilige

11&12 - Floating Ribs - Not connected in front

28
Q

Shoulder Girdle

A

Where Scapula/Clavical/connect to sternum

29
Q

Pelvis or Pelvic Girdle

A

Ilium - crest or upper piece

Pubic Bone

Ishium

30
Q

of bones in human body

A

206 bones total

80 bones in Axial skeleton - Skull & Associated, thoracic cage & vertebrae

126 in appendicular skeleton - pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, & all of the limbs

31
Q

Bone cells

A

Osteocytes - Mature bone cells

Osteoblasts -

Osteoclasts -

32
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Storage of Ca ions,Storage of Phosphateions, Storage of Lipids in Yellow marrow
  3. Blood cell production - Red Marrow
  4. Protection of delicate organs
  5. Leverage - built for bothe delicate & powerful movement
33
Q
A

Lecture Notes - Instructor Adelson (8 decks)

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