development gap Flashcards
What is development?
It means positive change that makes things better
What different factors affect a country’s level level and speed development?
Environmental factors- natural hazards
Economic factors
Social factors
Political factors
What is the development gap?
The difference in standards of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries
How do you measure development?
Gross National Income (GNI)
and HDI
What is Gross National Income?
The total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned from and paid to other countries
What are the 4 different levels of income to divide the countries of the world into?
High
Upper middle
Lower middle
Low
What does HDI mean?
Human Development Index
How do you produce the HDI?
Life expectancy at birth
Number of years of education
GNI per head
What is HDI expressed in?
Values 0-1, 1 is the highest. yeh
How can we measure quality of life?
Example, safety and security, freedom and right to vote, women’s rights and happiness Birth rate Death rate Infant mortality Number of doctors per 1000 High literacy rate High percentage of access to clean water
What are limitations of economic and social measures?
Data could be out of date or hard to collect
Data may be unreliable
They focus on certain aspects of development and not take into account subsistence or informal economies.
Government corruption may mean unreliable data
What is the demographic transitions model?
Shows changes over time in population of a country. Based on changes that took place in western countries such as UK
What is natural change?
Gap between birth rate and death rate
What links DTM with development?
When a country is more developed its population characteristics change.
Countries at different stages of developments
Stage 1
Traditional rainforest tribes
Small groups of people live separately with little contact with the outside world. High birth and death rates
Countries at different stages at development
Stage 2
Afghanistan
One of poorest and least developed countries in the world. Birth rate is 39 per 1000 and it’s death rate is 14 per 1000. 80% population are farmers. Children support fields and tending livestock
Countries at different stages of development
Stage 3 Nigeria
Nigeria is a newly emerging economy experiencing economic growth . Death rate much lower than birth rate. Population growing rapidly
Countries at different stages of development
Stage 4 USA
One of the most developed countries in the world. Good quality health care means death rates are low. Women have small families, study and follow careers. Birth rate is low. Population growth to immigration
Countries at different stages of development
Stage 5 Germany
Well developed country experience population decline as death rates exceeds birth rate. Birth rate 8.2 per 1000- lowest in world. Women have careers few children. Ageing population, Germany’s death rate
Population pyramids
Type of graph which shows percentage or number of males and females in each age group.
Why is Mexico’s population structure changing?
Death rate is falling
Birth rate is falling rapidly
How is Japan’s population structure changing?
People are living longer, birth rate is falling
Physical causes of uneven developments
Landlocked countries
Tropical Africa- have more climate related diseases and pests than cooler parts of the world.
Extreme weather- cyclones, droughts and floods
Lack of adequate supplies such as water
Economic causes of uneven development
Trade
Historical Causes- richer countries
Colonialism- Some countries controlled others
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT
Rich and poor.
Some countries, especially in Africa and parts of middle east have lower levels of development and a poorer quality of life than richer western countries.
Areas of poverty can be found in UK and USA
What is the cycle of poverty?
Set of factors which keeps someone in poverty, without hope of escape
What are the different types of migration?
Immigrant- person moves into a country
Emigrant- person moves out of country
Economic migrant- person who moves voluntarily to seek better life, such as better paid job, or benefits education or health
What strategies reduce development gap?
Investment- development of infrastructure, construction of dams, improvements of harbours and ports, development of new industries
Industrial development-
1) factory creates employment for its workers and money for the government
2)Money can be invested in schools, roads, and services such as water and health care
3) Population becomes better educated and healthier
4) Opportunities for new investments such as supply industries, shops and community facilities
Foreign investment in Africa
China is Africa’s most important trading partner. US companies invest.
More than 2000 Chinese companies invested billions of dollars- energy, mining, construction and manufacturing.
Led to new roads, bridges, stadiums etc
Industrial development in Malaysia
One of richest countries in south east Asia. Due to development of natural resources such as oil and gas, palm oil and rubber.
Tourism- development gap
Countries with beaches, landscapes or wildlife are tourist destinations
What is aid?
Country or non-governmental organisation such as Oxford, donates resources to another country to help develop or improve.
What can aid take the form of?
Money
Emergency supplies
Food such as rice or wheat, technology
Skills
Types of aid
Short term
Bilateral- aid from one country to another
Multilateral- richer governments give money to international organisation
Voluntary
Tied- aid may be given with certain conditions
Long term
How can aid reduce the development gap?
Long term and free. Enable development projects
UK aid
0.7% of GDP on overseas aid. Set by United Nations.
Pakistan- 66 million live in poverty. 2013, aid spent mostly in education, reduce hunger & poverty
Ethiopia & Bangladesh
Goat aid from Oxfam
Excellent food source- milk & meat
Manure= crop fertiliser
Milk sold as source of income to pay for food & education
Bred easily & kids sold at market or given
Care builds community spirit
What is intermediate technology
Sustainable technology, appropriate to needs, skills, knowledge and wealth of local people. Must be suitable for local environment and must not put people out of work
How can intermediate technology reduce development gap?
Takes form of small scale projects often associated with agriculture, water or health. Involve local communities and make difference to quality of life
How do rich countries protect their trade?
Tariffs= taxes paid on. Imported goods more expensive and less attractive than home produced goods
Quotas= limits on quantity of goods that can be imported. Usually applied to primary products so affect poorer countries
What us agricultural subsidy?
Financial support from governments to help farmers. Rich countries can afford to pay subsidies, products cheaper than poor countries, against free trade.
What are trading groups?
Countries grouped together to increase level of trade, cut tariff and discourage non member trade. eg, EU.
Advantages for poor countries in trading group
Encourages trade between member countries.
Richer countries cannot shop around for cheaper prices.
Members command greater share of market.
Members able to get higher prices for goods.
Fairtrade
Improve quality of life for farmers
Farmer gets all money from sale of his crop
Guarantees farmer fair price
Part of price invested in local community development projects
Farmer must agree to farm in environmentally friendly way
Product gains stronger position in market
How have poorer countries built debt?
Many poorer countries built debt in 1970-1980s. Many poor countries borrowed money to develop economies by in investing, manufacturing and infrastructure
How did you qualify for debt relief? (cancel debts)
Demonstrate they could manage own finances
Show no corruption in government
Agree to spend saved debt on education, health care and reducing poverty.
How can debt relief reduce development gap?
Help in development projects.
Use saved money to improve quality of life.
How can debt relief lead to problems?
Countries may get into further debt expecting that this will be written off in future.
Corrupt government keep money.
What is microfinance?
Small scale financial support available directly from banks set up especially to help poor. Enable individuals or families to start up small businesses.
