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development gap Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

It means positive change that makes things better

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2
Q

What different factors affect a country’s level level and speed development?

A

Environmental factors- natural hazards
Economic factors
Social factors
Political factors

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3
Q

What is the development gap?

A

The difference in standards of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries

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4
Q

How do you measure development?

A

Gross National Income (GNI)

and HDI

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5
Q

What is Gross National Income?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned from and paid to other countries

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6
Q

What are the 4 different levels of income to divide the countries of the world into?

A

High
Upper middle
Lower middle
Low

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7
Q

What does HDI mean?

A

Human Development Index

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8
Q

How do you produce the HDI?

A

Life expectancy at birth
Number of years of education
GNI per head

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9
Q

What is HDI expressed in?

A

Values 0-1, 1 is the highest. yeh

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10
Q

How can we measure quality of life?

A 
Example, safety and security, freedom and right to vote, women’s rights and happiness
Birth rate 
Death rate
Infant mortality 
Number of doctors per 1000
High literacy rate
High percentage of access to clean water
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11
Q

What are limitations of economic and social measures?

A

Data could be out of date or hard to collect
Data may be unreliable
They focus on certain aspects of development and not take into account subsistence or informal economies.
Government corruption may mean unreliable data

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12
Q

What is the demographic transitions model?

A

Shows changes over time in population of a country. Based on changes that took place in western countries such as UK

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13
Q

What is natural change?

A

Gap between birth rate and death rate

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14
Q

What links DTM with development?

A

When a country is more developed its population characteristics change.

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15
Q

Countries at different stages of developments

Stage 1

A

Traditional rainforest tribes

Small groups of people live separately with little contact with the outside world. High birth and death rates

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16
Q

Countries at different stages at development

Stage 2

A

Afghanistan
One of poorest and least developed countries in the world. Birth rate is 39 per 1000 and it’s death rate is 14 per 1000. 80% population are farmers. Children support fields and tending livestock

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17
Q

Countries at different stages of development

Stage 3 Nigeria

A

Nigeria is a newly emerging economy experiencing economic growth . Death rate much lower than birth rate. Population growing rapidly

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18
Q

Countries at different stages of development

Stage 4 USA

A

One of the most developed countries in the world. Good quality health care means death rates are low. Women have small families, study and follow careers. Birth rate is low. Population growth to immigration

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19
Q

Countries at different stages of development

Stage 5 Germany

A

Well developed country experience population decline as death rates exceeds birth rate. Birth rate 8.2 per 1000- lowest in world. Women have careers few children. Ageing population, Germany’s death rate

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20
Q

Population pyramids

A

Type of graph which shows percentage or number of males and females in each age group.

21
Q

Why is Mexico’s population structure changing?

A

Death rate is falling

Birth rate is falling rapidly

22
Q

How is Japan’s population structure changing?

A

People are living longer, birth rate is falling

23
Q

Physical causes of uneven developments

A

Landlocked countries

Tropical Africa- have more climate related diseases and pests than cooler parts of the world.

Extreme weather- cyclones, droughts and floods

Lack of adequate supplies such as water

24
Q

Economic causes of uneven development

A

Trade
Historical Causes- richer countries
Colonialism- Some countries controlled others

25
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT | Rich and poor.
Some countries, especially in Africa and parts of middle east have lower levels of development and a poorer quality of life than richer western countries. Areas of poverty can be found in UK and USA
26
What is the cycle of poverty?
Set of factors which keeps someone in poverty, without hope of escape
27
What are the different types of migration?
Immigrant- person moves into a country Emigrant- person moves out of country Economic migrant- person who moves voluntarily to seek better life, such as better paid job, or benefits education or health
28
What strategies reduce development gap?
Investment- development of infrastructure, construction of dams, improvements of harbours and ports, development of new industries Industrial development- 1) factory creates employment for its workers and money for the government 2)Money can be invested in schools, roads, and services such as water and health care 3) Population becomes better educated and healthier 4) Opportunities for new investments such as supply industries, shops and community facilities
29
Foreign investment in Africa
China is Africa’s most important trading partner. US companies invest. More than 2000 Chinese companies invested billions of dollars- energy, mining, construction and manufacturing. Led to new roads, bridges, stadiums etc
30
Industrial development in Malaysia
One of richest countries in south east Asia. Due to development of natural resources such as oil and gas, palm oil and rubber.
31
Tourism- development gap
Countries with beaches, landscapes or wildlife are tourist destinations
32
What is aid?
Country or non-governmental organisation such as Oxford, donates resources to another country to help develop or improve.
33
What can aid take the form of?
Money Emergency supplies Food such as rice or wheat, technology Skills
34
Types of aid
Short term Bilateral- aid from one country to another Multilateral- richer governments give money to international organisation Voluntary Tied- aid may be given with certain conditions Long term
35
How can aid reduce the development gap?
Long term and free. Enable development projects
36
UK aid
0.7% of GDP on overseas aid. Set by United Nations. Pakistan- 66 million live in poverty. 2013, aid spent mostly in education, reduce hunger & poverty Ethiopia & Bangladesh
37
Goat aid from Oxfam
Excellent food source- milk & meat Manure= crop fertiliser Milk sold as source of income to pay for food & education Bred easily & kids sold at market or given Care builds community spirit
38
What is intermediate technology
Sustainable technology, appropriate to needs, skills, knowledge and wealth of local people. Must be suitable for local environment and must not put people out of work
39
How can intermediate technology reduce development gap?
Takes form of small scale projects often associated with agriculture, water or health. Involve local communities and make difference to quality of life
40
How do rich countries protect their trade?
Tariffs= taxes paid on. Imported goods more expensive and less attractive than home produced goods Quotas= limits on quantity of goods that can be imported. Usually applied to primary products so affect poorer countries
41
What us agricultural subsidy?
Financial support from governments to help farmers. Rich countries can afford to pay subsidies, products cheaper than poor countries, against free trade.
42
What are trading groups?
Countries grouped together to increase level of trade, cut tariff and discourage non member trade. eg, EU.
43
Advantages for poor countries in trading group
Encourages trade between member countries. Richer countries cannot shop around for cheaper prices. Members command greater share of market. Members able to get higher prices for goods.
44
Fairtrade
Improve quality of life for farmers Farmer gets all money from sale of his crop Guarantees farmer fair price Part of price invested in local community development projects Farmer must agree to farm in environmentally friendly way Product gains stronger position in market
45
How have poorer countries built debt?
Many poorer countries built debt in 1970-1980s. Many poor countries borrowed money to develop economies by in investing, manufacturing and infrastructure
46
How did you qualify for debt relief? (cancel debts)
Demonstrate they could manage own finances Show no corruption in government Agree to spend saved debt on education, health care and reducing poverty.
47
How can debt relief reduce development gap?
Help in development projects. | Use saved money to improve quality of life.
48
How can debt relief lead to problems?
Countries may get into further debt expecting that this will be written off in future. Corrupt government keep money.
49
What is microfinance?
Small scale financial support available directly from banks set up especially to help poor. Enable individuals or families to start up small businesses.

Geography (10 decks)

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