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Geography > Development Gap > Flashcards

Development Gap Flashcards

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1
Q

What is colonialism?

A

The historical process of European countries invading and conquering countries in order to control them for many years so as to provide resources for the empire

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2
Q

What are conservation swaps?

A

A deal reached between a country and a wealthier country to which it owes money where part of the debt is cancelled in return for conservation projects. Also known as debt for nature swaps

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3
Q

What is development?

A

Level of economic growth in a country, to develop is to use natural and human resources to achieve a higher standard of living

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4
Q

What are development indicators?

A

This is a statistical way of comparing levels of development between countries

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5
Q

What are exports?

A

Products sold to other countries for money

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6
Q

What is fair trade?

A

Providing better prices, working conditions and terms for farmers and workers in poorer countries; as a result, the farmers gain a better deal where prices paid are always higher than production costs to allow improved living standards and better community investment

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7
Q

What is free trade?

A

Equal trade between countries with all barriers removed

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8
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross domestic product, the total value of all goods and services produced in a country, by a country in a year (per capita = per person)

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9
Q

What is GNI/P?

A

Gross national income/product; total value of goods, services and trade within a country in a year (per capita = per person)

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10
Q

What is HDI?

A

Human development index; a development indicator used to illustrate quality of life and standard of living using more than one measure of development (life expectancy, educational attainment, GNP/capita PPP). It shows how people are benefitting from a country’s wealth

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11
Q

What are HIPCs?

A

Highly indebted poor countries; a group of 38 countries with the greatest poverty and debt

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12
Q

What is aid?

A

The transfer of money, goods and expertise from a donor country to a different recipient country; it may be given rely, as a loan or with conditions attached

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13
Q

What are imports?

A

Products that a country buys from another country to use

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14
Q

What are NGOs?

A

Non-governmental organisation; a charity that is independent from the government and thus fundraisers to help others by giving aid

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15
Q

What are NICs?

A

Newly industrialised country; an LEDC that industrialised since the 1960s and thus developed manufacturing industries very quickly, resulting in rapid export and GNP growth

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16
Q

What is quality of life?

A

How well a person in a country is able to enjoy living; it refers to economic, social, physical, political and spiritual wellbeing

17
Q

What is standard of living?

A

The economic wealth of a country; often measured as currency

18
Q

What is trade?

A

The exchange of goods and services for money between countries

19
Q

What is trade balance?

A

The difference between the value of a country’s imports and exports

20
Q

What is trade deficit?

A

When a country gets into debt due to the value of their imports being greater than the value of their exports; usually due to exporting primary products (raw materials) and importing secondary products (manufactured goods)

21
Q

What is trade surplus?

A

When a country is in profit due to the value of their exports being greater than the value of their imports; usually due to importing primary products (raw materials) and exporting secondary products (manufactured goods)

22
Q

What are trading groups?

A

Agreements between countries which allow free trade between all members

23
Q

What is a tariff?

A

A charge placed on imported goods

24
Q

What are the characteristics of top-down aid?

A
  • Large scale
  • Money usually given to governments
  • Generally doesn’t include any consultation with the people who need it
25
Q

What are the characteristics of bottom-up aid?

A
  • Small scale
  • Money usually given to individuals or small groups
  • Takes into account the views and opinions of recipients
26
Q

Give some examples of physical factors that can exacerbate inequality

A
  • Terrain / relief
  • Climate (can cause poor soils and more issues with pests and diseases)
  • Ecosystem
  • Landlocked (no access to coasts, ports or rivers -> no transport of goods)
27
Q

What is the poverty cycle?

A
  • Family in poverty
  • Child grows up in poverty
  • Is significantly disadvantaged in education and skills
  • Struggles to get a job
  • Cannot escape the poverty cycle
  • > cycle repeats unless broken
28
Q

What are the key features of HDI?

A
  • Ranges from 0 - 1 with 1 being the most developed
  • Calculated each year and compared with GDP tables
  • If it is higher on HDI than GDP then it is successfully investing, but if it’s lower then there is room for improvement
  • Indicators: literacy, life expectancy, GNP per person
  • More effective than GDP because it considers social factors
  • Still doesn’t show any regional differences
29
Q

What are examples of development indicators?

A

GDP, birth rate/death rate, access to water, literacy rates etc

30
Q

What are the ways to divide up the world (economic stuff)

A
  • First, second and third world
  • North and South divide (Brandt line)
  • Five fold division
  • LDC/MDC
  • LEDC/MEDC
31
Q

What are ways that global inequalities can be reduced?

A
  • Fair trade
  • Loans
  • Debt relief
  • Conservation swaps
  • Aid
  • NGOs
32
Q

What policies are there to reduce inequality within the EU?

A

CAP (common agricultural policy)

Urban II fund

33
Q

What is quality of life VS standard of living?

A

Quality of life: subjective (MEDC: jobs, luxuries, holidays etc) (LEDC: clean water, shelter, income etc)
Standard of living: objective -> measurable (eg HDI development indicators)

Geography (26 decks)

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