Development Dynamics - India Flashcards
Define top down
large scale development projects that are decided by the government
Define bottom up
small scale projects decided by local communities alongside NGO’s
What was the top down Sardar Sarovar Dam?
government decision making for water and HEP
What were the benefits of the top down Sardar Sarovar Dam?
- 5 billion litres of water provided to India’s cities
1. 8 million hectares of farmland irrigated
What were the problems of the top down Sardar Sarovar Dam?
320,000 people forced to move
few rural families can afford electricity from the scheme
good quality farmland flooded
weight of dam can trigger earthquakes
What was the bottom up ASTRA and biogas?
NGOs worked with communities to identify needs
What is biogas?
intermediate technology using cow dung to produce biogas used for electricity and cooking
What were the benefits of the bottom up ASTRA and biogas?
saves time collecting wood so girls can go to school
smoke free kitchens = fewer lung problems
after digestion the sludge makes better fertiliser for crops
can use electricity to pump water for irrigation and drinking
What is India like?
worlds 2nd largest population - 1.25 bn in 2015
worlds 4th (Mumbai) & 5th (Kolkata) largest cities
worlds worst urban slums housing 40 million
birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism
bollywood
What are the social impacts of change in India
later marriage and fewer children for educated urban women
less of a youthful population/dependency ratio
reduction in constraints of caste system in urban areas
women’s literacy rate still lower than men but gap has narrowed
What are the environmental impacts of change in India?
increased access to safe water supplies
13 of the world’s top 20 polluted cities are in India
the number of rivers defined as polluted in India rose from 121 to 275 between 2010 and 2015
What are the economic impacts of change in India?
growing middle class (200 million by 2020) - good salaries
leaves a billion not well paid
clothing manufacture is largest - $300 billion
BUT poor wages and working conditions for factory workers
What is the rural periphery in India?
average income at £251 is 25% less than Maharashtra at £1,011
26 of India’s 100 poorest districts are in Bihar
80% of people live in rural areas
poor education and high birth rates
58% of households have electricity
What is the urban core like in India?
Maharashtra is home to 3 of India’s largest cities: Mumbai, Pune, and Nagpur
Mumbai: home to 13 million people thriving business district, centre for banking, insurance and call centres, manufacturing industry, Bollywood, Hun for media & technology
port therefore FDI
What are the reasons for BT setting up in Bangalore?
operating costs are 10-60% lower than the UK
salaries are around £1,200 per year instead of £12,000
workers are more willing to work 9 hour shifts
developments in ICT have allowed fast clear communication
What are the negatives and positives of BT in India?
positives: jobs created in tech firms, Silicon valley attracts professional workers and tech firms
negatives: top graduates taken away from services like doctors and teachers which would benefit society more, decision made elsewhere & profits leak elsewhere
Define economic liberalisation
when a country’s economy is given the freedom of a market economy, consumers and companies decide what people buy based on demand
Define transport
moving goods around
Define FDI
TNCs invest in new factories and infrastructure in a country so they can make goods there using cheap labour
What changed in economic liberalisation?
India’s government encouraged foreign investment (money and factories from foreign companies):
reduced import tariffs (a tax on goods sold in India)
reduced controls on money (companies can move money around)
reduced taxes on profits
What changed in transport?
more efficient and larger containers
aircraft technology
What changed in FDI?
after 1991 the government encouraged FDI
BY 2005 India 2nd only to China in overseas investment in:
telecoms
services - IT, research & development, call centres
How does economic liberalisation help globalisation/economic growth?
companies now wanted to locate in and trade with India
increased trade, increased employment = economic development
How does transport help globalisation/economic growth?
much cheaper and easier for countries to trade
How does FDI help globalisation/economic growth?
makes India a very attractive place for businesses to locate and do business
