Challenges of and Urbanising World Flashcards
Define urbanisation
the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas like towns and cities
Define megacity
a population over 10 million
Define world city
‘urban primacy’ and importance and influence bigger than their size suggests
Define major cities
cities with a population over 200,000
Define primate cities
cities that are so important within a country that they dominate the economic political and financial systems
By 2020 what does the UN predict the % of the world’s population to be urban?
53%
the biggest increase is in Africa and Asia
the causes of this growth are:
migration to cities, natural increase (more births than deaths)
What are the rural to urban migration push factors (from rural areas)?
few jobs aside from farming the land
permanent poverty
few opportunities
What are the rural to urban migration pull factors (to urban area of Mumbai)?
more jobs
better education (literacy rate 95%, India average 87%)
entertainment
higher income
What is natural increase in Mumbai like?
migrants are young - in their 20s and 30s - thy tend to settle and have families
Mumbai’s natural increase in 1.4% per year which accounts for 1.2 of Mumbai’s annual growth
What is Mumbai’s site and situation?
Mumbai’s site was ideal for a port with access to deep water estuary of Ulhas river
Mumbai’s situation on the west coast of India makes it easier to trade with Europe
Mumbai is connected well internationally via the Sahara International airport, nationally via the rail network and regionally through the road network
What is the developing Kampala urban economy like?
80% of people work in the informal economy
in the formal economy manufacturing makes up 5% and the rest is mainly services like banks, shops and offices
What is the emerging Mumbai urban economy like?
75% of workers are in the informal economy
informal economy provides 50% of India’s GDP
What is the developed London urban economy like?
manufacturing small at about 1-% of economy
the most valuable part of the city’s economy is the knowledge economy employing 10%
What are the similarities between the structure of Mumbai and the structure of London?
they both have the CBD in the centre - although in Mumbai’s case it’s on the southern tip near the port
they both have some industrial areas next to the CBD but many have moved out for cheaper land
they both have the wealthier suburbs next to the CBD along harbour or coastal waterfronts
What are the differences between the structure of Mumbai and the structure of London?
in Mumbai: unlike London:
the poorest areas are found on the edges of the city
low income groups live in chawls which are low quality one room homes
the poorest 60% of the people live in informal housing or squatter shacks on the very edge and far from work in the CBD
What is the 1st challenge facing Mumbai?
water supply and waste disposal:
only wealthiest have private water
60% Mumbai population use communal taps, water is polluted but Mumbai recycles 80% of waste
What is the 2nd challenge facing Mumbai?
informal economy:
most factories are illegal sweatshops with low pay, no security and no tax
large informal economy means very little tax paid so Mumbai can’t provide services for population
What is the 3rd challenge facing Mumbai?
sanitation:
increased demand for water causes stress on the sewage system causing contamination of water
What is the 4th challenge facing Mumbai?
housing shortages and slums:
population growing too fast to keep pace with so most people live in cramped, poor quality, expensive rooms far from work
What are the inequalities in Mumbai like at life at the bottom?
Dharavi the larges informall slum on the edge of the city: 1 million people 13-17 people per home sized 10m² people per toilet = 625 literacy rate 69% (Mumbai average = 91%)
What are the inequalities in Mumbai like at life in the middle?
middle classes growing:
average family share a 1 bed flat closer to the edge of Mumbai
teacher salary = £230 per month
TV, mobile phone
What are the inequalities in Mumbai like at life at the top?
highly skilled graduates earn £16,000 per year
companies provide apartment in gated complex near CBD/harbour
shopping, entertainment, smartphone etc.
What are the top down strategies to make Mumbai more sustainable?
build 1 million new homes, improve transport infrastructure, improve air and water quality
What are the successes of the top down strategies to make Mumbai more sustainable?
slums demolished to build flats with piped water/sewage system
new train and safer platforms
new air quality measures - low benzene petrol, public transport, road tax on old vehicles
What are the failures of the top down strategies to make Mumbai more sustainable?
Mumbai is growing to fast to make it work
200,000 people moved, would prefer piped water supplied to slum not new flats
apartments have split communities (like high rise blocks in London)
small workshops have had to go out of business e.g. recycling
What is the bottom up strategies to make Mumbai more sustainable?
SPARC toilets - works in the slums to improve sanitation and reduce spread of diseases
What are the successes of the bottom up strategies to make Mumbai more sustainable?
charity has built 800 toilet blocs in slums
local families construct the toilet meaning they are cheap to build
they have electricity and are connected to sewage pipes
