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GCSE Edexcel geography > Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

A country’s wealth and its social/ political progress.

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2
Q

What was the Brandt line used for?

A

Used in the past to distinguish between Rich North and Poor South. Now outdated due to countries’ changing development, eg China and India.

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3
Q

Life expectancy

A

Average number of years you are expected to live in a country.
Effected by:
More wealth= good healthcare
Education = better doctors and nurses

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4
Q

Measures of inequality

A

Shows how equally the wealth is shared among the population. Looks at % GDP owned by the 10% richest and poorest.

  • linked to corruption
  • affected by education
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5
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A

UN’s alternative method for measuring development. Uses PPP, literacy rates, length of schooling and life expectancy to calculate a figure between 0 and 1. 0 is highest.
-takes inequalities into account

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6
Q

% subsistence farmers

A

Percentage of the population who farm to live (produce food to feed themselves as their occupation).

  • Affected by tech and education
  • inverse to industrialisation
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7
Q

% below poverty

A

% of the population who earn less than $1.25 a day (minimum required to live).
-Links to inequality

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8
Q

GDP per capita

A

Average income of a country divided by its population.

-doesn’t show inequalities

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9
Q

SIGI index

A

Country’s grade on gender equality. Presented as figure between 0 and 1.

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10
Q

Access to drinking water

A

% of population with access to piped water within 1 km.

-links to sanitation levels, life expectancy

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11
Q

Literacy rate

A

% of population aged 15 and above who can read and write.

-affects GDP

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12
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of births per 1000 people per year in a country.

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13
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people per year in a country

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14
Q

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

A

Adjusts GDP in a country to take into account the cost of living.
Takes salary into account

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15
Q

Fertility rate

A

Average number of births per woman in a country.

More money= contraception= career= affording kids

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16
Q

Maternal mortality

A 
Number of mothers per 100000 who die in childbirth.
More awareness
Sanitation levels 
Healthcare
Lack of transport
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17
Q

Infant mortality

A

Number of children per 1000 who die before their first birthday.
Healthcare/ education
Sanitation levels

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18
Q

Corruption Perception Index (CPI)

A

Uses a scale from 0 (honest) to 10. Corrupt countries are more likely to spend invested money/ aid on bribery or purchasing weapons.

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19
Q

Ginicoefficient

A

Measures the extent to which the distribution of income is unequal in a country and how this changes over time. It’s a ratio between 0 and 1. (1 meaning one person has all the wealth.)

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20
Q

Population structure

A

The number of people of each sex in each age group

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21
Q

Dependency

A

People who need support to live.

Elderly and infants

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22
Q

Characteristics of a developed country

A

Low infant/ mother mortality rate /
High literacy rate/ life expectancy

Low fertility rate/ dependency rate

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23
Q

What does education of women mean

A

They are likely to get better jobs and so add to the GDP of a country. A country becomes more prosperous. Birth/ fertility/ infant mortality rates decrease.

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24
Q

Causes of high maternal mortality

A

Under age, limited access to healthcare, lack of choice/ transport to hospital, low status, uneducated

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25
Q

Industrialisation

A

The changing from primary to secondary work.

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26
Q

RIC’s

A

Recently/ Rapidly Industrialised Country

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27
Q

BRIC’s

A

Large Recently Industrialised Country

Brazil Russia India Indonesia China

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28
Q

Why has the Brandt line become increasingly outdated?

A

As, in 1980, the world was split into the rich north and poor south; since then, developing countries have Industrialised (eg: the BRIC’s). Now the world is split into 3 income groups: low, middle and high.

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29
Q

What does the champagne glass distribution show?

A

The richest 20% quintile creates the top glass shape as they own 80% of the world’s wealth. The next quintile dramatically decreases in wealth, owning an eighth of the top quintile’s wealth. The last quintile owning a very disproportionate amount of wealth (1.4%).

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30
Q

What does Rostow’s model demonstrate ?

A

Shows the multiple stages in which a country develops: the traditional society, pre conditions for take off, take off, the drive to maturity and high mass consumption.

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31
Q

Characteristics of the traditional society

A

High % subsistence farmers and agricultural work.
Family / religion held important.
Little trade occurs through bartering of items.

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32
Q

Characteristics of pre conditions for take off

A

Banks/ currency developed.
Crops sold.
Some infrastructure is built.

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33
Q

Characteristics of take off

A

Beginning of Industrialisation.
Rapid growth in few products.
Modernisation in core area of country.
Consumption increase.

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34
Q

Characteristics of the drive to maturity

A

Wide variety of industries.
Skilled workers.
Modernisation throughout country.
Further industrialisation.

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35
Q

High Mass Consumption

A

Luxuries are now necessities.
High disposable income.
Mainly service sector jobs.
Trade experts.

36
Q

Drawbacks of Rostow’s model

A

Not every country starts at the same place.
Disregards that each country will have different qualities, quantities, populations or hazards.
Outdated (made in 1950’s).
Doesn’t take colonialism into account.

37
Q

Characteristics of colonialism

A

Political and legal domination over an alien society.
Relations of economics and political dependence.
Exploitation between imperial powers and the colony.
Racial and cultural inequality.

38
Q

What does Frank’s dependency theory show

A

International division of labour
Global capitalism
Class distinction

The rich core limits developments of the poor periphery through debt and imposition of trade barriers.

39
Q

Drawbacks of Frank’s dependency theory.

A

Out of date.

Disregards other factors.

40
Q

Reasons for Malawi’s underdevelopment:

A

They are landlocked, rurally isolated, facing a changing climate and economic barriers, polluted, relieving from colonisation, cash crops

41
Q

Why does Malawi face an uphill task?

A

It faces increasing food prices and fuel shortages. They want to globalise to develop.

42
Q

How is Malawi landlocked?

A

It’s bordered by Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique with NO COASTLINE. This means that there’s no port to import/export from. There’s an 800km railway but this is expensive/impractical.

43
Q

Why is Malawi rurally isolated?

A

It has the highest rural population in the world (85%) meaning people are cut off by poor infrastructure.

44
Q

How has climate change hit Malawi?

A

Through water/food shortages and flooding. This causes starvation/ export reduction. 10,000 are homeless as an impact of climate change.

45
Q

How does pollution affect Malawi?

A

Urban growth since 2010 has caused air/water pollution from increased surface runoff from urban areas creating poor sanitation levels.

46
Q

Why are Malawi’s terms of trade bad?

A

Because their exports are more than their imports and they are suffering from billions in debt. They export mainly primary products in return for manufactured goods.

47
Q

How has Britain’s colonisation of Malawi affected its development?

A

In the 19th century, Britain developed plantations there and they still remain under British ownership meaning they underpay the workers. 80% of the country are subsistence farmers who sell commodities (cash crops) that are traded globally, prices fluctuate. Neo-colonialism impacts workers due to developed countries that profit up to 800 times more.

48
Q

What are the 5 employment sectors?

A

Primary, secondary, high tech secondary, tertiary and quarternary

49
Q

Primary sector

A

Extraction/ use of the earth’s natural resources. (Eg: agriculture)

50
Q

Secondary sector

A

Processing of raw materials into manufactured goods. (Eg: oil refining, steel making)

51
Q

High tech secondary

A

Use of advanced technology in manufacturing.
Eg: defence systems, medical equipment, microchips…
(Part of knowledge economy)

52
Q

Tertiary sector

A

Service sector

Eg: retail, education/health services

53
Q

Quaternary industry/ knowledge intensive services

A

Provision of information services such as computing/ICT, consultancy and R&D.
(Also part of knowledge economy

54
Q

Which model shows sectors of employment in the uk over time?

A

The Clarke-Fisher model. Shows decline in primary industry since preindustrial times and the increase in secondary up until post industrial times in which it dips. Also shows rapid increase in tertiary sector jobs, levelling out post-industrially. The quarternary sector only began post-industrialisation.

55
Q

Why has the primary sector decreased?

A

Due to mechanisation, urbanisation, decreasing importance of primary goods and better pay in tertiary sectors

56
Q

Mechanisation

A

The process of changing from working exclusively by hand to machinery in agriculture.

57
Q

Why does secondary increase at first, then dip as it reaches mid-industrialisation?

A

Manufacturing of goods without machinery required a large workforce up until mechanisation happened, this led to deindustrialization. Factories more often move to emerging countries for cheaper land and workforce.

58
Q

Why does the tertiary sector increase?

A

Services grow higher in demand with population growth.
Positive multiplier effect results in more money to invest into services.
Better education= more skilled workers for high tech industry

59
Q

Globalisation

A

The process of the world becoming increasingly interconnected (people, ideas and money) and appearing to be smaller as a result of development in technology, transport and trade.

60
Q

How are different countries connected?

A

Transport networks, investment of TNC’s to outsource a stage of their business, communications technology, debt, trade patterns, international agreements/organisations, tourism, migration, aid and culture/ global media.

61
Q

TNC

A

Trans-National Company

62
Q

MNC

A

Multi-National Country

63
Q

FDI

A

Foreign Direct Investment

64
Q

Disadvantages of globalisation:

A

DIVIDES CLASS due to western countries taking advantage of poorer ones. It can also PREVENT DEVELOPMENT due to unpaid debt.

65
Q

Characteristics of a top down development strategy:

A

Very expensive, large projects that solve large scale problems, funded by TNC’s/international organisations/governments from more developed countries (gain profit from the HEP) who also direct the project. It’s high tech/energy intensive so needs to be operated by skilled workers from other countries. Recipient is dependent on the donor country.

66
Q

Characteristics of a bottom up development strategy

A

Cheap, small scale projects using intermediate technology with local materials/ workers to improve quality of life for the most vulnerable. It’s funded by charities in richer countries and can be maintained by the recipient.

67
Q

IGO/NGO

A

Inter/Non governmental organisation

68
Q

Advantages / disadvantages of Xayburi HEP dam (top down):

A

:). Employs local workforce
Provides 1200 megawatts of electricity for Laos and Thailand which is sold.
:(. Destroys ecosystem
Causes flooding due to destruction of natural irrigation system
Blocks fish migration routes, ruining fishermen’s livelihoods
Displaces many
60 million people rely on the river

69
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of play pump (bottom up):

A

:). Makes clean water, meaning less disease and higher sanitation levels
Girls can now be educated as they don’t have to walk long distances rather than attend school
Easy to build
Cheap to build/maintain
:(. Small scale
Only works in place with water supply
Effect?

70
Q

When and who agreed to the Millenium development goals ?

A

In 2000, 182 leaders agreed on this.

71
Q

What are the Millenium development goals?

A 
To achieve universal primary education,
Promote gender equality/ empower women,
Reduce child mortality,
Improve maternal health,
Combat malaria, HIV...etc,
Ensure environmental sustainability,
Sustain global partnership for development.
72
Q

What are ways to develop a country?

A 
Fair trade
Aid
FDI
Debt relief
Remittances
73
Q

Advantages of fair trade:

A

Invests in social programmes such as clinics/schools.
Maintains guaranteed, fair price for the farmer.
Reduces environmental impact of farming.
Education of children can be afforded and long term planning can be made.

74
Q

Disadvantages of fairtrade

A

Will not receive more money if price increases.

75
Q

Aid

A

Funds/resources given from one country to another, benefitting the recipient. May not always be money.

76
Q

What are the two types of aid?

A

Short term emergency aid and long term development aid

77
Q

What are the two types of short term emergency aid?

A

Voluntary emergency (NGO’s) and government emergency

78
Q

What are the two types of long term aid?

A

Voluntary aid projects (NGO’s) and international development aid

79
Q

What are the two types of international development aid

A

Multilateral and bilateral

80
Q

Multilateral

A

Agreed upon by three or more parties (governments).

81
Q

Bilateral

A

Involving two parties (governments).

82
Q

HIPC

A

Highly Indebted Poor Country

83
Q

What does the HIPC initiative aim to do?

A

Ensure poorest countries aren’t overwhelmed by unmanageable/unsustainable debt burdens. You need to qualify to receive this.

84
Q

Outsourcing

A

When a company hires another company to help them in a specific area to save money/time.
Eg: company like apple hires another company like Foxconn electronics to help with a specific part of the manufacturing process. Foxconn have built most of their factories in China.

85
Q

What are the potential cons of outsourcing?

A

The main company may not be in charge of working conditions, meaning conditions may be bad. Workers may be exploited.

86
Q

What are the benefits of outsourcing for the economy?

A 
Investment in these may create infrastructure and add to the positive multiplier effect in a country.
Create job opportunities and add to consumer class due to higher disposable income.
Mean better training for workforce so they may be more employable.

GCSE Edexcel geography (8 decks)

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