Challenges of an urbanising world Flashcards
Urbanisation
Rise in % of people living in urban areas compared to rural.
Mega city
City with a population over 10 million.
Million city
City with a population over a million.
Conurbation
When 2 cities grow so much they merge together.
Primate city
The city dominates its economic, financial and political systems. It has a much higher population than the next biggest.
World city
City with a disproportionate influence in the world.
Examples of megacities
Tokyo (most populous w 38 million people)
Delhi
Shanghai
Mumbai
When did the global urban population outgrow the global rural population?
2007
By 2050, 2/3 of world will live in megacities and there’ll be 13 more megacities.
Features of a world city
International hub for travel and trade.
Home to headquarters of many TNC’s that would make global investment decisions.
Have a high employment in the knowledge economy.
Have high quality education facilities that attract foreign students.
Have major political decisions affecting other places.
Why does urbanisation occur?
Migration from rural to urban areas because of push and pull factors as well as natural population increase.
Pull factors to the city
Job opportunities More protection from less natural disasters Bright lights and entertainment Better services Running water Electricity Better wages
Push factors towards the city
Shortage of land Population pressure Poverty Droughts Crops fail Natural disasters No services No sanitation
What housing has urbanisation resulted in?
Informal/shanty towns around the city. This means CRAMPED CONDITIONS AND LACK OF SANITATION (spread of disease), POORLY BUILT HOUSES (vulnerable to natural disasters)
Characteristics of formal employment
Contract, sick pay, maternity leave/pay, minimum wage, taxes, structured working hours, suitable conditions, holiday pay
Characteristics of informal employment
No contract, no pay if not at work, direct pay for what you do, no minimum wage, no tax, flexible working hours, no laws on working conditions, cash in hand
Why’s there a high level of informal work in developing countries?
Due to urbanisation, there’s a limited number of formal jobs.
Lack of industrialisation leads to less formal job.
Lack of government funding into services creates opportunity for informal work.
Uneducated children may need to support family.
People have insufficient qualifications
Example of informal work in developing country
Due to lack of government funding into trash and waste collection, sanitation levels are lowered and wildlife die. Poorer citizens earn livings collecting trash and cleaning the environment. Is good as they earn wages that are fed into the government. However, some of this trash is reused which is unsanitary and spreads disease.
What model represents land use in cities?
The Burgess model
5 areas in Burgess model
CBD, inner city, inner suburbs, outer suburbs, rural urban fringe
What affects development of land uses
Planning decisions, cost of land, accessibility
Central Business District
Central part of city where most commercial land is located. (Shops, offices, services and entertainment).
Inner city
Where old industrial land was located, streets are in grids and roads tightly packed w terrace housing. High density living spaces for workers in CBD.
Inner suburbs
Area between inner city and outer suburbs. Mostly residential land w mainly semidetached housing. Decreasing land prices and more living space.
Outer suburbs
Further decreasing land prices and more living space.
Rural urban fringe
Boundary between rural and urban areas. Mainly residential land w some retail parks/ business areas and green belt sites.
Characteristics of commercial land
(CBD) high density buildings .
Most accessible w high land demand and limited space.
Characteristics of industrial land
(Inner city) older 19th century industries.
Close to transport links.
New industries are built on industrial estates and rely on the road.
Characteristics of residential areas
Surrounding CBD and suburbs
Varying housing
Cheaper land further from CBD.
Site
The actual location of a settlement in relation to physical characteristics of a landscape
Situation
The location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places (more human).
Site of Jakarta
Wet, tropical climates
Located on Northern coast of Java on Java sea.
Developed on flatland on the lowlands of Java.
Used to be swamps.
On mouth of Ciliwung river.
North of the Java mountains.
Volcanic and fertile natural soil.
Situation of Jakarta
Trades w Shanghai and Beijing with its raw materials.
Well connected by air and boat to rest of cities.
Toll road along Eastern part of Java.
Migration point from rural areas.
Why’s Jakarta considered a world city?
Development in MRT (mass rapid transport). Upward social mobility. Many international headquarters. Many skilled young workers. Culture rich.
Population of Jakarta
10 million
Size of Jakarta
661.5km^2
Spatial
Geographic space and how it’s used/ how things are spread across space.
What has urbanisation resulted in in Jakarta?
Increase in developed areas.
Eradication of wetland.
Decrease in open space and farmland.
60% decrease in undeveloped land.
Why has the suburbs in Jakarta grown much more rapidly than in the core?
Core area has grown by 3 million while suburb population has grown much more rapidly due to kampungs situated around the city.
Why’s there spatial growth increase in Jakarta?
Urban primacy, rural-urban migration, restructuring of Indonesia’s economy,following of fam and land issues
What’s urban primacy?
Jakarta’s domination economically causes many people to migrate while putting pressure on surrounding areas to urbanise, causing outward growth.
What’s rural-urban migration?
Natural population increase due to push and pull factors mainly down to enticement of better income and services.
What’s the restructuring of the Indonesian economy?
Widening of the city due to urbanisation and a shift towards manufacturing which creates job opportunities. Fertile land is less important.
What percentage of migrants move to be w family?
27%
How do land issues cause spatial growth?
CBD land value increase leads to more inhabitants within the suburbs of the city. Kampung residents are pushed outwards due to development of land.
Why are there variations in quality of life within Jakarta?
Areas of high quality housing are located next to unplanned housing. The poor are stuck in a cycle of poverty, meaning them and their children are destined to be poor. Also, amongst the rich, corruption is common. As well as this, transport infrastructure is extremely poor due to lack of efficient public transport, affecting QOL of commutes while excluding areas socially. Many poor lack identities so lack social benefits. Competitive job markets mean a lack of formal jobs available. Debt and bills puts pressure on poorer families due to exploitation of more wealth business owners.
What problems have growth in Jakarta created?
Kampungs, flooding, traffic/ congestion
How has industrialisation affected housing in Jakarta?
Lack of affordable housing (due to large influx of migrants) has led to the existence of vast kampungs. These kampungs are unconnected to sewage/water systems which leads to contamination of water sources with waterborne diseases. These are then bulldozed, displacing many outwards.
How has industrialisation created flooding in Jakarta?
Development of land and influx of people has led to sinking of lowlands within Java. It’s near the sea and also suffers from monsoon seasons, leaving poor most vulnerable in unplanned housing near the mouth of the Cilliwung river. These kampungs dump waste in flood channels due to lack of investment in waste disposal services; reducing rate of water flow by 80%. Development of land means a rose in impermeable surfaces which cause surface run off, not helped by only 20% functioning drains. Tree loss has also reduced interception of rain. Overall this flooding is leading to water contamination (spreading disease) and destruction of infrastructure within the city.
How has industrialisation affected congestion in the city?
Only 6% of the city is roads as growth was too rapid to plan out infrastructure. This resulted in long commutes (low QOL) and malnourishment (long trips for fresh food). As well as this, it resulted in much air pollution which resulted in many respiratory diseases.
What top down solutions did Jakarta implement to sustain its growth?
Elevated road network, Ciliwung river normalisation programme and car free days.
Sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present, without jeopardising the future.
What’s the elevated road network?
A government led, large-scale project that reduces congestion while taking up little space. It improves QOL however is v expensive.
What’s the Ciliwung river normalisation programme?
Reduces risk of flooding/ water pollution while reducing waste in the river. Widens river, providing an access road for dredging. This decreases waterborne diseases although creates problems due to displacement of riverside kampungs.
What’s the car free day?
Another government led initiative reduces congestion and therefore improving air quality by importing cleaner fuel and having one car free day a week.
On the other hand, this initiative is hard to monitor/enforce, especially as car numbers still grow.
What bottom up solutions have Jakarta put in place to sustain growth?
The sky juice charity, kampung improvement programme and mother and child health foundation
What’s the sky juice charity?
A low maintenance water filter, supplying clean water in Kampungs. Although easy to maintain, doesn’t tackle root cause. (NGO)
What’s the kampung improvement programme?
A self help scheme to provide infrastructure, services and better QOL for those in unplanned housing. Also doesn’t solve root cause or improve housing. (IGO/UN)
What’s the mother and child health foundation?
Provides meals, education and medical care to poor mothers and children. Unfortunately is unable to help all mothers.
Suburbanisation
When suburbs grow outwards as new houses and services are built to accommodate more people.
Causes of suburbanisation
Better QOL away from the city. Land price increase in CBD. Mass rapid transport. Safer further from city. Higher housing demands to equip for family life.
Counterurbanisation
When people move from rural to urban areas in advanced countries.
Causes of counterurbanisation
Pollution, congestion, poor housing, higher crime rates
De-industrialisation
Manufacturing moving out of an area. This can lead to depopulation, employment and industrial zone decline and lower QOL.
Causes of deindustrialisation
Cheap, rural land prices, global shift (lower costs in foreign countries)
Reurbanisation
When people move back to inner cities where populations had previously declined.
Causes of reurbanisation
Gentrification and city workers
Gentrification
Renovation of deteriorated urban neighbourhoods by government/ private companies.
