Development Dynamics

Question 1

What do we call technology that improves quality of life and does not require much government support or many institutions for it to be used?

Answer 1

Intermediate technology.

Question 2

Define intermediate technology and give an example.

Answer 2

Technology that the local community can use without a lot of training and money, often small-scale e.g. Water Aid.

Question 3

Describe Rostow’s theory of development.

Answer 3

Less developed countries have a large primary sector and have not yet urbanised.
More developed countries have industrialised and consume lots of goods.

Question 4

Describe each stage of Rostow’s modernisation theory.

Answer 4

Stage 1: traditional society - primary sector is dominant, people live in rural areas, limited technology.

Stage 2: pre-conditions for take-off - labour-intensive manufacturing industries develop, infrastructure (e.g. railways) develops.

Stage 3: take-off - development of manufacturing industries, better infrastructure, administration systems develop.

Stage 4: drive to maturity - whole economy grows, new industries replace old ones.

Stage 5: high mass-consumption - economic system is almost self-sustaining (people buy products & services which supports businesses) trade grows, welfare systems are fully developed.

Question 5

Give an example of a country in each stage of Rostow’s model.

Answer 5

Stage 1: traditional society - the UK in the middle ages.
Stage 2: pre-conditions for take-off - the UK in the 1750s.
Stage 3: take-off - the UK in the height of the Industrial Revolution (1820s).
Stage 4: drive to maturity - the UK in the 1850s.
Stage 5: high mass-consumption - the UK by 1940 (the approximate start of WW2).

Question 6

Using Rostow’s model, explain why different countries are at different levels of development.

Answer 6

Countries are at different stages of the model.

Question 7

Who came up with the modernisation theory of development that predicts how the economic development of a country will change over time?

Answer 7

Rostow.

Question 8

In what stage of Rostow’s modernisation theory does a country experience rapid growth in development, large-scale industrialisation and an increase in wealth?

Answer 8

Stage 3.

Question 9

Give 4 disadvantages to Rostow’s model.

Answer 9

• Some countries have found it harder to ‘take-off’ than Rostow suggested.
• It’s not very detailed about the progress of development between stages.
• It assumes that all countries begin with the same resources and other geographical factors (e.g. climate).
• It is based on European countries, so may not be representative of other countries’ development.

Question 10

Using Frank’s model, explain why different countries are at differing levels of development.

Answer 10

The ‘economic core’ exploits the ‘economic periphery’, stopping less developed countries from developing.

Question 11

Give 4 disadvantages of Frank’s dependency theory.

Answer 11

• Many countries that were not colonised (e.g. Ethiopia) remain poor and mant former colonies (e.g. Singapore) are now developed.
• Some poor countries have successfully developed (e.g. South Korea).
• Countries that followed the socialist model have mostly remained poor (e.g. Tanzania).
• The core can positively influence the economic periphery (e.g. aid without ties).

Question 12

Explain why the life expectancy levels are different for developing and developed countries. (2 reasons)

Answer 12

Different access to healthcare.
Different access to clean water.

Question 13

Give 2 explanations for why infant mortality is different for developing and developed countries.

Answer 13

• Varying levels of women’s education.
• Differing numbers of people per doctor.

Question 14

Define the multiplier effect and explain what causes it.

Answer 14

The ‘snowballing’ of economic activity; a change in spending that causes a bigger final change in income (e.g. a growing business in one area can allow other businesses to grow as well).
This is often caused by a big investment.

Question 15

Suggest how investment in manufacturing in a LIC or NEE might help to reduce the development gap.

Answer 15

e.g.
* Manufacturing goods such as leather goods can result in a multiplier effect as farmers gain money by selling their cow skins and local shops have more goods to sell.
* People will have more money that they can spend on their family’s education and health, which will start to close the development gap.
* If more goods are made within the country instead of being imported, the country could have a better balance of trade and its economy will grow.

Question 16

Define the DTM.

Answer 16

Demographic Transition Model
Shows how the population (demographic) of countries change over time (transition) as birth rates, death rates & natural increase change.

Question 17

Study the graph found at https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2022-03/b0de9fa3-7f65-406b-8752-1ddc577bc2d0/Geography%20Figure%2037,f_inside,h_768,w_512.jpeg, which shows the demographic transition model. Identify the changes happening in Stage 2. [1 mark]

Answer 17

The death rate is falling rapidly whilst the birth rate remains high. The total population is growing rapidly.

Question 18

In which of the stages of the demographic transition model is the population stable?

Answer 18

Stages 1 & 4.

At stage 1, birth and death rates are both high but balance out. In stage 4 birth and death rates are low but also balance out.

Question 19

Italian women are deciding that a career is more important than a family and many decide to not have children at all by being sterilised. On the basis of that information, at which stage of the demographic transition model is Italy?

Answer 19

Stage 5.

Question 20

Give 2 disadvantages of the DTM.

Answer 20

• The model was based on experiences of countries in western Europe and north America.
• The model failed to predict the aging and falling populations in some MEDCs.

Question 21

Describe 2 socio-economic characteristics of Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). [2 marks]

Answer 21

Stage 3 of the DTM is marked by greater access to education for all, especially girls and women (1) and an increase in personal wealth that makes people want to reduce the number of children they have. Better healthcare (1) is also a characteristic of Stage of the DTM.