Development and Writing of Experimental Measurement Items and Hypotheses Flashcards
What are demand artifacts?
Cues present in an experiment that may convey hypotheses to participants and change their responses.
Why are demand artifacts problematic?
They call into question both the internal and external validity of a study.
Which experimental design is more prone to demand artifacts?
Within-subjects designs.
How can demand artifacts emerge?
Through study descriptions, recruitment, directions, survey wording, and feedback from other participants.
How can researchers reduce demand artifacts?
Use vague study descriptions, use a funnel approach to questions, include filler tasks, and ask a hypothesis-guessing question.
What is social desirability bias?
The tendency of participants to respond in a way that is viewed as socially acceptable.
What types of topics are most affected by social desirability bias?
Sensitive topics such as race, gender, politics, and risky behaviors.
What is indirect questioning?
A method where respondents predict how ‘others’ would behave, revealing their own biases.
What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
A test that measures subconscious associations between concepts.
Why should simple words be used in surveys?
The average U.S. citizen has a high-school education.
Why should already established measures be used in surveys?
They are tested for reliability and validity.
What is a leading question?
A question framed to suggest a particular answer.
What is a loaded question?
A question that assumes a fact that hasn’t been established.
What is a double-barreled question?
A question that forces respondents to answer two questions in one.
Why should forced-choice questions be avoided?
They limit responses and may exclude a respondent’s actual choice.
Why should survey scales be balanced?
To include a neutral option and avoid bias.
What are key elements of a hypothesis?
Explicit numbering, clarity, testability, and consistency in terminology.
What are the three possible outcomes of a hypothesis test?
Fully supported, partially supported, or not supported.
What defines a main effect hypothesis?
It involves only one IV and at least one DV with a predicted direction.
What is an example of a main effect hypothesis?
The presence of an evaluative FOP icon will lead to higher perceptions of product healthfulness.
What defines a mediation hypothesis?
One IV with at least one mediator affecting the DV.
What is an example of a simple mediation hypothesis?
Perceived exclusion mediates the effect of exclusive promotional outcomes on promotion attitudes.
What is an example of a sequential mediation hypothesis?
Perceived exclusion and perceived unfairness sequentially mediate the effect of exclusive promotional outcomes on promotion attitudes.
What defines a moderation hypothesis?
A hypothesis stating that one variable moderates the effect of another.
Why must contrasts be explicitly stated in a moderation hypothesis?
To specify which conditions lead to significant effects.
What is an example of a moderation hypothesis?
App usage frequency moderates the effect of app ease of use on app connection.
What defines a conditional process hypothesis?
A combination of mediation and moderation.
What is an example of a conditional process hypothesis?
The favorable effect of an objective FOP cue on purchase intentions is mediated by product-level fluency in a non-comparative context but not in a comparative context.
Why are conditional process hypotheses not always considered moderated mediation?
The terms are not interchangeable; statistical tests confirm moderated mediation.
