Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child Health > Development and NAI > Flashcards

Development and NAI Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

Progressive acquisition of skills in line with the maturing central nervous system and emotional development of a child

Encompasses physical, socio-emotional, cognitive and emotional development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the developmental domains?

A

Gross motor
Fine motor and vision
Speech and language
Social skills/ emotion/ behaviours/ cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gross motor milestones

A

6 weeks: head lag, head held in same plane in ventral suspension

6 months: can roll over, sits briefly or with some support

1 year: crawling, pulls to stand, cruising, walking in some

2 year: climbs and descending stairs, runs, kick ball

3 year: pedals tricycle, jumps well, momentarily balances on one foot

4 years: stands on one foot well, hops

5 years: walks backwards/ hells/toe,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones

A

6 weeks: maintains fixation, follows objects through 180degrees horizontal plane

6months: transfers, reaches out for objects, mouths objects

1 years old: pincer grip, bangs 2 bricks together

2 years: copies vertical line, builds tower of 8 bricks

3 years old: copies a circle, matches two colours

4 years old: copies a cross and a square, imitates bridge with 3 bricks, draws man with 3 parts

5 months: copies triangle, draws man with six parts, copies 3 steps from 6 bricks, does buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hearing and speech milestones

A

6 weeks: throaty noises

6 months: babble, turns to name being called

1 year old: two words with meaning, responds to simple instructions, shows recognition of objects

2 years: uses plurals/pronouns, selects toys from others, follows 2 step requests

3 years: 3-4 word sentences, knows three colours, pronouns and plurals, prepositions

4 years: counts to 10, identifies several colours, lots of questions, tells story

5 years: comprehension, understanding of prepositions, opposites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Social milestones

A

6 week: Smiles in response to stimuli

6 months: plays with feet, holds onto bottle when fed

1 year old: waves bye, claps hands, empties cupboards

2 years old: plays alone/ alongside others, eats with spoon

3 years: out of nappies, separates from mother easily, eats with knife and fork

4 years: shares toys, out of nappies at night, brushes teeth, toilets alone

5 years old: chooses friends, acts out role play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Developmental screening/assessment tools

A

Ages and stages questionnaires
Denver developmental assessment and Schedule of growing skills
Bayley and Griffiths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Red flags in developmental assessment

A 
Abnormal muscle tone
Not holding object in hand by 5 months 
Not sitting up supported by 12 months
Not walking independently by 18months
Asymmetry of skills/ early hand dominance 
No speech by 18 months 
Not pointing to objects/ toys to share interest by 2 years
Any loss of skills/ regression
Any new onset of fits/possible seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gross motor development 1 month

A

1 month: symmetrical movement in all limbs, normal muscle tone, head lag when pulled up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gross motor development 3 months

A

3 months: almost no head lag when pulled to sit, lifts head and chest when prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gross motor development 6 months

A

6 months: rolls from back to front, stands and sits with straight back when held, bears most of own weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gross motor development 9 months

A

Sits without support
Stands holding onto furniture
Moves around the floor, e.g. wriggling, commando crawling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gross motor development 12 months

A

Stands without support
Crawls, bottom shuffles or bear walks
Cruises along furniture
May walk unsteadily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gross motor development 15 months

A

Generally walks without support

Crawls upstairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gross motor development 18 months

A

Walks steadily, stopping safely
Squats to pick up a toy
Climbs stairs holding a hand or a rail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gross motor development 2 years

A

Runs safely
Throws a ball overhand
Walks up and down stairs, both feet on each step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gross motor development 30months

A

Jumps on 2 feet

Kicks a ball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gross motor development 3 years

A

Walks backwards and sideways
Rides tricycle
Catches a large ball with arms outstretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gross motor development 4 years

A

Stands, walks and runs on tiptoes

Runs up and down stairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gross motor development 5 years

A

Hops
Catches a ball
Heel-toe walking
May ride a bike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fine motor development 1 month

A

Grasps finger when placed in the palm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fine motor development 3 months

A

Watches their own hands
Brings hands to their mouth
Holds a toy briefly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fine motor development 6 months

A

Palmar grasp
Reaches for toys
Puts objects into mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fine motor development 9 months

A

Passes toy from one hand to another

May have pincer grip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fine motor development 12 months

A

Fine pincer grip
Points to object of interest
Releases object intentionally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fine motor development 15 months

A

Imitates to and fro scribbles

Builds a tower of 2 cubes, when demonstrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fine motor development 18 months

A

Makes a tower of 3 blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fine motor development 2 years

A

Builds a tower of 6 blocks
Draws a horizontal line with preferred hand, may draw vertical lines
Turns pages of a book individually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Fine motor development 30 months

A

Thread beads on a string
Make a tower of 7 or more blocks
Holds a pencil with a tripod grip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Fine motor development 3 years

A

Builds a bridge using blocks
Draws a circle
Draws a person with a head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fine motor development 42 months

3.5 years

A

Draws a cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Fine motor development 4 years

A

Build steps using blocks
Draws a square
Draws a person with head/face, arms and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Fine motor development 5 years

A

Uses a knife and fork competently
Draws a triangle
Copies alphabet letter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Newborn speech and language

A

Cries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Speech and language 6-8 weeks

A

Coos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Speech and language 3 months

A

Laughs and vocalises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Speech and language 6 months

A

Understand word such as mama, dada or bye-bye
Babbles spontaneously, initially monosyllables
Uses a tuneful, singsong voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

9 months speech and language

A

Imitates adult sounds, e.g. coughs
Understands simple commands
Understands no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Speech and language 12 months

A

Knows and responds to own name

Uses 2-6 words and understands many more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Speech and language 18 months

A

Uses 6-40 recognisable words
Can point to parts of body
Tries to sing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Speech and language 2 years

A

Speaks over 200 words, understands many more
Joins words together
Omits opening or closing consonants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Speech and language 30 months

A

Continually asks questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Speech and language 3 years

A

Can name 2 or 3 colours
Knows and repeats song or nursery rhymes
Counts to 10
Has simple conversations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Speech and language 4 years

A

Talks fluently
Counts to 20
Enjoys jokes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Speech and language 5 years

A

Fluent in speech and mostly grammatically correct

Interested in reading and writing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Social, emotional and behavioural newborn

A

Responds to being picked up

Enjoys feeding and cuddling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Social, emotional and behavioural 6 weeks

A

Gazes at adult faces

Social smile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Social, emotional and behavioural 3 months

A

Smiles at familiar faces and at strangers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Social, emotional and behavioural 6 months

A

Feeds self with fingers

Shows stranger fear

50
Q

Social, emotional and behavioural 9 months

A

Waves bye
Plays peek-a-boo
Shows likes and dislikes

51
Q

Social, emotional and behaviour 12 months

A

Drinks from a cup with2 hands

Has separation anxiety

52
Q

Social, emotional and behavioural 18months

A

Uses a spoon
Plays contentedly alone, near a familiar adult
Eager to be independent

53
Q

Social, emotional and behavioural 2 years

A

Displays frustration
Dresses self
Begins to express feelings

54
Q

2.5 years social, emotional and behavioural

A

Eats skilfully with spoon, may use a fork
May use the toilet independently
Plays along and alongside other children (parallel play)
Enjoys pretend play

55
Q

Social, emotional and behavioural 3 years

A

Shows affection for younger siblings
Probably toilet-trained, though may still be wet at night
Enjoys helping adults, imitating household tasks
Has friends

56
Q

Social, emotional and behavioural 4 years

A

Eats skilfully with fork and spoon
Brushes own teeth
Shows sensitivity to others
Takes turns

57
Q

Social, emotional and behavioural 5 years

A

Very definite likes and dislikes
Shows sympathy and comforts friends
Dresses without help, except laces
Engages in co-operative and imaginative play, observing rules

58
Q

Newborn hearing and vision

A

Fascinated by human faces
Turns head towards light
Startled by sudden noises

59
Q

Hearing and vision 1 month

A

Turns head towards diffuse light and stares at bright objects
Startles to loud noises

60
Q

Hearing and vision 3 months

A

Focuses eyes on same point
Moves head deliberately to gaze around them
Prefers moving objects to still ones

61
Q

Hearing and vision 6 months

A

Adjusts position to see objects

Turns towards the source of sounds

62
Q

Hearing and vision 12 months

A

Sees almost as well as an adult

Knows and responds to own name

63
Q

Hearing and vision 18months

A

Recognises themselves in the mirror

64
Q

Hearing and vision 2 years

A

Recognises familiar people in photographs

Listen to conversations with interest

65
Q

Hearing and vision 2.5years

A

Recognises self in photographs

Recognises small details in picture books

66
Q

Hearing and vision 4 years

A

Matches primary colours

Listens to long stories with attention

67
Q

Hearing and vision 5 years

A

Can match 10 colours

68
Q

In-toeing gait

A

Femoral torsion- knees and feet point inwards

Tibial torsion- knees point forward and feet inwards

69
Q

Bowlegs gait

A

Common from birth to early toddler-hood: resolve by 18months

Often with out-toeing

70
Q

Toe walking

A

Common up to 3 years

71
Q

Knock knees

A

Common and associated with in-toeing

Most resolve by 7 years

72
Q

Flat feet

A

Most children have normal flexible foot and normal arch on tiptoeing
Usually resolves by 6 years

73
Q

Ataxic gait signs

A

Unsteady, broad based

Difficulty heel-toe walking

74
Q

Causes of ataxic gait

A

Cerebellar cause, e.g. brain tumour, post-viral

75
Q

Spastic hemiplegic gait

A

Arm held flexed, adducted, internally rotated
Leg extended, stiff and in plantar flexion
Leg dragged in circumduction (semi-circle)

76
Q

Spastic hemiplegia causes

A

Cerebral palsy

Acquired brain lesions, e.g. stroke

77
Q

Spastic diplegia signs

A

Tightness of adduction pulls knees together/ legs to cross the midline; gives ‘scissoring gait.’
Dragging and circumduction of both legs

78
Q

Spastic diplegia causes

A

Cerebral palsy

79
Q

Waddling gait signs

A

Results from hip adductor weakness or hip pain
Pelvis drops on contralateral side to the leg bring lifted (Trendelenberg sign)
Abdomen pushed forward due to lumbar lordosis

80
Q

Waddling gait causes

A

Hip pain, e.g. DDH, SCFE, Perthes

Proximal myopathy, e.g. Duchenne MD

81
Q

Foot drop ‘high stepping’ neuropathic gait signs

A

Leg on the side affected has to be lifted high to avoid the foot dragging along the floor

82
Q

Foot drop ‘high stepping’ neuropathic gait causes

A

Common peroneal nerve palsy

Peripheral neuropathy

83
Q

Dyskinetic gait signs

A

Irregular, jerky, involuntary movements

84
Q

Dyskinetic gait causes

A

Basal ganglia lesions

85
Q

Arthrogryposis

A

This is a heterogeneous group of usually sporadic congenital conditions characterised by joint stiffness and contractures affecting more than one joint
in the body.
Flexion contractures of the knees, elbows and wrists, dislocation of the hips
and other joints and scoliosis is common.
The aetiology of these may be multifactorial an d include connective tissue disorders and genetic factors.
Whilst some of these conditions may be associated with either a central or peripheral nervous system problem also, the underlying cause of these conditions is not solely neurological.

86
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term for a permanent disorder of motor movement and/or posture due to a non-progressive abnormality of the developing brain.
The key here is that the underlying problem is static but the nature of the child’s motor, neurological or functional impairments may change over time.

87
Q

Cerebral palsy investigation

A

MRI brain and spine
Periventricular leukomalacia
Abnormality of the white matter of the brain

88
Q

Role of the occupational therapist

A

Help people of all ages overcome the effects of disability caused by illness, ageing or accident
So that they may carry out everyday tasks or occupations
Can give advice and help with the supply of equipment

89
Q

Role of orthotics

A

Assess patients for the provision of outhouses which fit onto the body to help problems caused but disability, illness or deteriorating conditions

90
Q

Role of physiotherapy

A

Helps to restore movement and function when someone is affected by injury, illness or disability
Can also help to reduce your risk of injury or illness in the future
Takes a holistic approach that involves the patient directly in their own care

91
Q

Role of speech and language therapy

A

Speech: expression and understanding

Swallow

92
Q

Where are some common sites for accidental bruising after 6-9months?

A

Bony prominences
Elbows, knees, shoulders
Rare in non-mobile child

93
Q

Typical sites of accidental injury

A

Head injuries: parietal bones, occiput, forehead
Nose, chin
Palm of hand
Knee, shins

94
Q

Non-accidental injury sites

Head/ neck

A

Ears- especially pinch marks involving both sides of ear
Black eyes, especially if bilateral
Soft tissues of cheeks
Intra-oral injuries (haemorrhages)

95
Q

Non-accidental injury

Torso

A

The triangle of safety: ears, side of face and neck, top of shoulders
Back and side of trunk except over the bony spine
Chest and abdomen
Any groin or genital injury

96
Q

Non-accidental injury of limbs

A

Forearms- when raised to protect self
Inner aspects of arms or thigh
Soles of feet

97
Q

Child risk factors of abuse

A

Failure to meet parental expectations and aspirations, e.g. disabled, ‘wrong’ gender, ‘difficult’ child
Born after forced, coercive, or commercial sex

98
Q

Parent/carer risk factors for child abuse

A

Mental health problems
Parental indifference, intolerance or over-anxiousness
Alcohol, drug abuse

99
Q

Family risk factors for child abuse

A 
Step-parents
Domestic violence
Multiple/closely spaced births
Social isolation or lack of social support
Young parental age
Poverty, poor housing
100
Q

Features in history which should rouse suspicion of child abuse

A
  • Plausibility and/or reasonableness of the explanation for the injury
  • Any background, e.g. previous child protection concerns, multiple attendances to ED/GP.
  • Delay in reporting the injury
  • Inconsistent histories from caregivers and from child
  • Inappropriate reaction of parents or caregivers who are vague, evasive, unconcerned, or excessively distressed or aggressive. It is important to take histories from both parents and, if possible, the child by themselves
101
Q

More subtle presentations of child abuse

A 
Inappropriate attachment to caregiver
Inappropriate affection towards strangers
Persistent nappy rash with broken skin
Persistent infestations with lice
Poor attendance at school
Poor presentation at school
Children can often disclose sexual abuse or physical abuse at school 
Poor educational achievement
102
Q

Further tests for child presenting with NAI

A

Clotting screen
Full blood count and film: thrombocytopenia and haematological malignancies, acute lymphocytic leukaemia
Factor VIIIc (haemophilia A)
VWf: can often present quite late in life
Discuss with paediatric haematology

103
Q

Which fractures are associated with NAI?

A

Humeral and femoral spiral fractures
Metaphyseal corner fractures (bucket handle fractures) from shaking
Spiral fractures and tibia/fibula are more likely to be accidental
Claviclular fractures are most common after birth

104
Q

Which fractures would make you highly suspicious of NAI?

A

Rib fractures, especially posterior rib
Metaphyseal fractures
Skull fractures: non-parietal skull fractures, involves multiple bones, crosses sutures, depressed fracture

105
Q

Fractures which are moderately specific for NAI

A

Bilateral fractures with fractures of differing ages
Digital fractures in non-ambulance children
Vertebral fractures or vertebral subluxation
Spiral humeral fractures
Separation of epiphysis

106
Q

Fractures which have low specificity for NAI

A

Middle clavicular fractures
Linear simple fractures of parietal bone (tibia or fibula)
Single fractures in diaphysis (spiral humeral fracture is an exception)
Greenstick fractures

107
Q

First-line investigations in as child who presents with suspected NAI

A

Bone profile: calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphate. Rule out Paget’s, hyperparathyroidism
Osteogenesis imperfecta
FBC: help identify malabsorption, reduced bone strength
Skeletal survey
CRP: osteomyelitis

108
Q

What does safeguarding involve

A

Safeguarding children involves working in partnership with the family and professionals from other agencies. It is the responsibility of the paediatrician to recognise and report when abuse may be occurring and to assist statutory agencies (police, social services, NSPCC). The first agency to contact is often the local social care service as they may have information about the family from other agencies and be aware if the child is on a child protection plan. If a child requires an urgent place of safety due to concerns regarding NAI, they can be placed with another family member that is approved by social care or an emergency foster placement. If such a placement is not possible, then the child may need to be admitted to the hospital while a safe place is found. Medical notes and reports may be formally requested by the police/courts and so it is important to document thoroughly- a body map or photographs may be useful also.

109
Q

Which screening tools are useful in the assessment of ADHD?

A

Conners questionnaire
Dundee difficult times of the day scale
SNAP-IV
Strengths and difficulties questionnaire

110
Q

Which members of the MDT are involved in the diagnosis of ADHD

A

community paediatrician
Speech and language therapist
Educational psychologist

111
Q

When does adult gait and posture occur?

A

From 8 years old m

112
Q

In-toeing gait

A

Normal hair variation
Femoral torsion- knees and feet point inwards (commonest 3-8 years)
Tibial torsion- knees point forward and feet inward

113
Q

Bowlegged gait

A

Normal gait variation
Common from both to early toddler- hood- resolve by 18 months
Often with out-toeing

114
Q

Knock knees gait

A

Common and associated with in-toeing

Most resolve by 7 years

115
Q

Flat feet

A

Most children have normal flexible foot and normal arch on tiptoeing
Usually resolves by 6 years

116
Q

Dyslexia

A

Difficulty in reading, writing and spelling

117
Q

Dysgraphia

A

Specific difficulty in writing

118
Q

Dyspraxia

A

Developmental co-ordination disorder
Difficulty in physical coordination
More common in boys
Delayed gross and fine motor skills and a child that appears clumsy

119
Q

Non-verbal learning disability

A

Specific difficulty in processing non-verbal information

Body language and facial expressions

120
Q

Classification of learning difficulties

A 
IQ
55-70 Mild
40-55 moderate
25-40 severe
<25 profound
121
Q

Conditions associated with learning disabilities

A

Down’s syndrome
Antenatal problems, fetal alcohol syndrome and maternal chickenpox
Problems at birth, prematurity and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
Problems in early childhood, such as meningitis
Autism
Epilepsy

122
Q

Risk factors for learning disability

A 
FH
Abuse
Neglect
Psychological trauma
Toxins

Child Health (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions