Development and health Flashcards
Methods of combatting Malaria:
Spray pesticides/incesticides such as DDT
-done in an attempt to destroy their nervous systems
-EFFECTIVE at first and helped eradicate the disease in Southern Europe and Florida
BUT mosquitoes became resistant to DDT, and alternative are too expensive for developing countries
Methods of combatting Malaria:
Specially designed traps
-mimic animals and humans by emitting a small amount of carbon dioxide to lure the mosquito into the trap where they are killed
EFFECTIVE at a small scale
BUT they breed so quickly that it is impossible to trap them all
Methods of combatting Malaria:
Larvae eating fish
-muddy loach put into stagnant ponds to eat the larvae
LIMITED success at a local scale, and have been criticised for causing pollution
HOWEVER, fish can be an additional food source
Methods of combatting Malaria:
Incecticide coated mosquito nets
using them to stop them biting people as they slept
EFFECTIVE as mosquitoes are most active during dusk and dawn.
HOWEVER, in some areas(rural Tanzania) people do not use them as they believe they trap in evil spirits which leave the body at night
Methods of combatting Malaria:
Mustard seeds
-thrown on stagnant water, they become wet and sticky and dragging the mosquito larvae under, drowning them
VERY WASTEFUL, especially where food is scarce
Methods of combatting Malaria:
Education programmes
-on the use of insect repellents and covering the skin up and dusk and dawn
EFFECTIVE, but not always practical. In illiterate societies societies, drama/ role play are needed to explain the need foe covering skin.
Methods of combatting Malaria:
Planting eucalyptus trees
- they soak of excess water, which prevents the formation of stage net water
LONG TERM SOLUTION, as they take a long time to grow
Methods of combatting Malaria:
Covering water
-used to sop mosquitoes reproducing
IMPRACTICAL. it is impossible to cover all areas of stagnant water, as even an animal hoof can collect water
Methods of combatting Malaria:
Breeding genetically modified sterile mosquitoes and mercenary males
-an attempt to kill of the mosquito for good
expensive, but VERY EFFECTIVE,
In cayman islands where sterile males were released there was an 80% drop in the mosquito population after 80 days
Methods of combatting Malaria:
Growing BTI bacteria in coconuts
- opened and places in stagnant ponds, the larvae then eat the bacteria which destroys their stomach lining, killing them
CHEAP and environmentally friendly solution, with 2/3 coconuts clearing a pond of mosquito larvae for 45 days
Reasons why countries develop at different rates
population- UNSKILLED LABOUR
- some countries may have an unskilled labour force for manufacturing goods
- therefore the quality and price of these products will be lower
- CHINA
Reasons why countries develop at different rates
natural disasters- FLOODING
- BANGLADESH
- flooding may be common, which can effect many aspects as many crops will be ruined, so they can’t sell them to make money
Reasons why countries develop at different rates
civil war
- many building may be destroyed by armed forces, which results in increased levels of homelessness
- this means that people can’t work to develop the country
- SYRIA
Reasons why countries develop at different rates
traditions
- inheritance means that many larger farms are being split up between people, resulting in lots of little farms
- little farms are not able to produce as much, meaning farmers cannot make as much money
Reasons why countries develop at different rates
natural disasters-TECHTONIC ACTIVITY
in some areas, tectonic activity is ver high, which means earthquakes and tsunamis are very common
- results in extreme amounts of people being left without food/water/shelter, which therefore hinders development
Reasons why countries develop at different rates
cold climates
- cold climates mean the land is harder to farm, meaning there will be less crops produced, so it will be harder to feed a country
- therefore slows down the level at which they develop
MONGOLIA
Reasons why countries develop at different rates
relief
- in countries where there are steep slopes it is difficult to build buildings, so people may be unable to work/ live in better suited places
- hinders development as people may have to travel very far to get to work/school
Reasons why countries develop at different rates
lack of money
- in some countries, large amounts of money are owed, which means they cannot reinvest their money into their own farms/factories
ZAMBIA
Reasons why countries develop at different rates
population-OVERPOPULATION
- these countries will struggle to feed everybody, so hunger levels within the country will increase
- hinders development
Reasons why countries develop at different rates
industrialisation
- in some countries with a strong labour force, many different products/services can be provided to use/sell(to other countries)
- they can therefore generate more money, and can therefore develop faster
Primary health care
( Integrated health care project in a small area - Cinzana -2001-20060
-scaled up to the whole of ségou, covering 200,000 people in 210 villages
Primary health care
( improving quality of health care services- opening hours displayed, 24hr emergency service and regular cleaning/ maintenance)
- people using the centre increased by 10%
- treatment costs decreased by $1.50
- their healthcare score increased by 10%
- more pregnant people used it - 54%- 88%
Primary health care
brining healthcare closer to patients- directly in villages , vaccinations and parental services were given
-death rates in Mali for children under 5 has decreased from 1 in 5 to 1 in 8
Primary health care
(strengthening health insurance schemes.- providing micro-loans to women on the understanding they would be used to generate income to be spent on health insurance)
- 49 groups of women took out loans and nearly 100% paid them back
- increased women earnings by $18 a month on average
Primary health care
increased farmers production rates. - taught farmers how to look after lan/ machinery by providing technical training
- survival rates of young plants went from 20% to 70% over 3 years
Primary health care
( involving locals. - local workers were trained at health professionals in villages to provide basic healthcare training, i the form of plays or education programmes)
-involving local people means that it is sustainable and more likely to be accepted by the community as a whole, and people are more likely to use it.
Development indicators
Composite indicators
(Physical Quality of Life indicators)
- this combines 3 indicators with an emphasis on the social conditions within a country
- Adult literacy( good indicator of the level of education within a country)
- -Life expectancy (indication of the health care and nutrition within the population)
- -Infant mortality(access to sanitation and heath care facilities.)
countries are scored 0-100
score of 77=satisfactory
<77= poorer quality of life
Development indicators
Composite indicators
(Human Development Index)
this composite indicator looks at human development in relation to the economic wealth
- Life expectancy(health care facilities and quality of life)
- average number of years schooling( Education levels)
- -GDP per capita as PPP$( Purchasing power parity dollars.= money per person and what $1 will buy you in that country)
scale is 0-1
<0.25 is classed as a LEDC
>0.9 is classed as a secure MEDC
Development indicators:
Education
% of children at school/ rates of people staying on at school/ No of people graduating from college (uni)
Development indicators:
Gross National Product
The value of goods and services produced and sold BOTH AT HOME AND ABROAD divided by its total population
Development indicators:
Food intake
Calorie intake/ average amount of meat consumed per day
Development indicators:
Industrialisation
% of people involved in agriculture/ average consumption of energy
Development indicators:
Gross Domestic Product
The value of goods and services produced In a country in a year divided by its total population
Development indicators:
Health
No. of people per doctor/hospital/infant mortality/ life expectancy
Development indicators:
Mechanisation
% of population with access to clean drinking water/ % of population connected to sewage system
Development indicators:
Disposable expenses
No. of cars per 1000 population/ average expense on clothing
Development indicators:
Population
Birth/ death rate/ natural increase
Why might development indicators not be an accurate representation of the country?:
(difficult to obtain correct figures )
- some statistics will be difficult to obtain reliable figures
e.g
spending on clothing/ calorie intake
Why might development indicators not be an accurate representation of the country?:
(language barriers )
some countries do not collect accurate data due to language barriers and unregistered homes
e.g
shanty towns in Brazil
Why might development indicators not be an accurate representation of the country?:
(spending priorities )
the spending priorities of a country might make them excel from one aspect (heath care) and no spending in others, meaning the other will not excel
Why might development indicators not be an accurate representation of the country?:
(crude averages )
Most development indicators are crude averages. This means that differences in the country are not noticed.
e.g
one region might be really poor but the rest is rich, so on average the country looks richer
Why might development indicators not be an accurate representation of the country?:
(GDP and GNP can be unreliable )
these can be unreliable as farming in poorer countries can be produced to be sold internally, so that industry would not be counted in trade value
Why might development indicators not be an accurate representation of the country?:
(communist countries )
communist countries may not participate fully in trade
Why might development indicators not be an accurate representation of the country?:
(might not give an indication of the quality of life within a country )
these indicators do not give an indication on the quality of life in the country.
e.g
might be ricer but have limited human rights or no freedom of speech
Why might development indicators not be an accurate representation of the country?:
(income doesn’t compare to the cost of goods within a country )
income might not show us anything as it does not compare to the price of goods in a country
e.g
wages might be low, but the cost go groceries may also may be low
Malaria
Physical factors
(climatic conditions)
Mosquitoes like temperatures of above 16* and below 40*, along with 20%-60% humidity.
they also need lots of areas with stagnant water to lay their eggs, so areas of high rainfall are best for them.
LEDC’s tend to be more prone as they do not have plumbed water, so there will be more areas of stagnant water
Malaria
Physical factors
(presence of the female anopheles mosquito)
Only the females anopheles mosquito’s pass malaria, as they carry eggs and and they need human blood to nourish the blood themselves
when they bite, the malaria is passed into the human blood stream
IMPACT
- leads to a large number of children under 5 dying
- tourists are less likely to visit country
- adults with malaria are unable to work
Malaria
Physical factors
Stagnant water
Mosquitoes prefer stagnant water within which to lay their eggs. They most commonly infest ponds, marshes, swamps and other wetlands.
SOLUTIONS
slope
Impact of malaria
causes loss of life
- results in a large number of the population dying young
Impact of malaria
loss of workforce
-people who are sick cannot work for extended periods of time, so economy and businesses are impacted
Impact of malaria
crops might be lost
- if family members are sick when it is time to harvest the crops then they might lose all crops and therefore food/income for the year
- can’t collects crops to take to the market and sell
Impact of malaria
people may miss out on their education
-children who are ill might miss out on large chunks of their education as the cannot attend school
Impact of malaria
cost
-countries have to spend a lot of money fighting malaria. This is money that could otherwise be spent/ invested in things such as education
Impact of malaria
decrease in tourism
- if an area has malaria, it might put off tourists and therefore cause a loss in potential earnings that are generated through tourism
Impact of malaria
hospital pace is taken up
- beds are having to be used for those with malaria, but these could be used for more emergency cases
