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B2W4 > DEVELOPMENT AND GROSS ORGANISATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT AND GROSS ORGANISATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the vascular system one of the first formed and functioning?

A

As diffusion becomes insufficient for nourishment, gaseous exchange and waste elimination

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2
Q

What are the two ways of forming blood vessels?

A

Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

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3
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

The formation of new blood vessels by coalescence of angioblasts
Cells in the extra embryonic mesoderm differentiate into hemangioblasts which then differentiate into angioblasts
Angioblasts form angiogenic cords
Spaces appear to form lumens
Angioblastic cells are arranged around the lumens to form an endothelial lining

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4
Q

What are angioblasts?

A

endothelial precursor cells derived from the bone marrow

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5
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

The formation of new vessels by budding and branching from pre-existing vessels
These form smaller, less prominent blood vessels than in vasculogenesis

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6
Q

What do the primitive aortic arches supply

A

The head and neck

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7
Q

What does the primitive dorsal aorta supply?

A

The body

It eventually becomes the descending aorta

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8
Q

What is the chorionic sac?

A

the outermost fetal membrane in human embryos, the villous part of which becomes the fetal part of the placenta

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9
Q

How does the dorsal aorta supply the chorionic sac?

A

Via umbilical arteries

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10
Q

How does the dorsal aorta supply the yolk sac?

A

Via the Vitelline arteries

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11
Q

What’s the function of the yolk sac?

A

functions as an absorptive epithelium for nutrient uptake and secretion as well as the origin of the first blood cells
Eventually the placenta will take over these roles

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12
Q

How does the primitive heart tube form?

A

Two endocardial heart tubes arise from cardiogenic mesoderm. As lateral folding occurs, these fuse to form the primitive heart tube, which develops into the endocardium.

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13
Q

What forms the epicardium and myocardium?

A

mesoderm surrounding the primitive heart tube.

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14
Q

Describe the 6 regions from superior to inferior of the primitive heart tube?

A 
Aortic roots
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus
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15
Q

When does the primitive heart tube begin folding?

A

At around day 23

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16
Q

What happens to the 6 arch arteries?

A

They involuted segmental,h.
The first and second arches will dissipate and involuted into something else whilst the 5th arches will disappear so we have 3rd 4th and 6th arches left

17
Q

What will the 3rd arch artery become?

A

The internal carotid artery

18
Q

What will the 4th arch arteries become?

A

The aorta arch on the left and right subclavian artery

19
Q

What will the 6th arch artery become?

A

It involuted on the right and become the ductus arteriosus on the left

20
Q

What forms the left subclavian artery?

A

The 7th intersegmental artery which is a branch of the dorsal aorta

21
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus? What does it become in adults?

A

A link between the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch to shunt blood
The ligament up arteriosum

22
Q

What’s the function of the common cardinal veins?

A

They drain blood from the sinus venosus during prenatal life

23
Q

What will the truncus arteriosus become

A

The ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

24
Q

What will the bulbus cordis become?

A

The smooth portions of the ventricles

25
Q

What will the primitive ventricle become?

A

The trabeculae Ed portions of the ventricles

26
Q

What will the primitive atrium become?

A

The rough portions of the atria

27
Q

What will the sinus venosus become?

A

The smooth portion of the right atrium, the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium

28
Q

Describe how the atrioventricular canals form?

A

Proliferation of tissue forms the atrioventricular endocardial cushions which meet across the midline to separate the atria and ventricles - they don’t meet entirely which forms the canals

29
Q

Describe septation of the 2 atria?

A

At the cranial end of the atria, a septum proliferates and begins to enlarge downwards to meet the interventricular cushions and separate the atria - it leaves a gap called the foremen primula

30
Q

Describe the foremen formation in the wall between the atria?

A

The foremen primula forms first and then more proximal areas of the septum primula begin to break down to form the foremen secundum which allows blood to move from the right to the left atria

31
Q

Describe the closure of the foremen secundum?

A

A secondary septum begins to form and approach the foramen secundum which allows it to be closed at birth - this forms the fossa ovalis

32
Q

Describe how the ventricle trabeculations are formed?

A

The ventricles enlarge and blood flow comes in causing turbulence which moves the muscle cells around creating trabeculations

33
Q

Describe how the atrioventricular valves form?

A

Valve swellings form on the endocardial cushions
These valves are attached to the trabecular falls by myocardium at first but ultimately tendinous cords which are attached to papillary muscles

34
Q

What forms the outflow tract of the primitive heart

A

The bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus

35
Q

Describe how the outflow tract of the primitive heart forms?

A

Endocardial cushions appear within the truncus arteriosus and grow towards each other.

As they grow towards each other they twist around each other and form a spiral septum, dividing the outflow tract into left and right sides.

36
Q

How does the foetal circulatory system bypass the liver?

A

Via the ductus venosus

37
Q

Why is the ductus venosus important?

A

It ensures that the foetus gets oxygen reaching the brain

38
Q

How are the lungs bypassed in foetal circulation?

A

Via the ductus arteriosus and the form and ovale

39
Q

Which will the umbilical vein become?

A

The ligamentum teres

B2W4 (5 decks)

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