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B - Paediatrics MANAGEMENT > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is child development?

A

The process by which the dependant infant matures into the independent adult, functioning within society

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2
Q

What factors are involved in child development?

A

Complex interweaving of biological, psychological, and environmental factors

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3
Q

Is development the same in different children?

A

Development in humans follows a predictable pattern and a rough schedule, but no individual develops exactly the same way

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4
Q

What is important, when considering normal development?

A

Progress and parity - that children are moving forward in different areas of development at roughly the same rate

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5
Q

What features of development are concerning?

A
  • Disparity in progress between areas of the body, e.g. right side and left side, lower limbs and upper limbs
  • Disparity between domains of development
  • Regression
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6
Q

What is regression?

A

Loss of previously attained skills

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7
Q

What does gross motor development refer to?

A

Abilities required for big movements and activities

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8
Q

Give 5 examples of gross motor tasks

A
  • Sitting
  • Standing
  • Walking
  • Running
  • Climbing stairs
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9
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 1 month old?

A
  • Symmetrical movements in all limbs
  • Normal muscle tone
  • Head lag when pulled up
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10
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 3 months old?

A
  • Almost no head lag when pulled to sit

- Lifts head and chest when prone

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11
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 6 months?

A
  • Rolls from back to front
  • When held, stands and sits with a straight back
  • Bears most of own weight
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12
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 9 months?

A
  • Sits without support
  • Stands holding onto furniture
  • Moves around the floor, e.g. wriggling, commando crawling
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13
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 12 months?

A
  • Stands without support
  • Crawls, bottom shuffles, or ‘bear-walks’
  • Cruises along furniture
  • May walk unsteadily
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14
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 15 months?

A
  • Generally walks without support

- Crawls upstairs

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15
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 18 months?

A
  • Walks steadily, stopping safely
  • Squats to pick up toy
  • Climbs stairs holding a hand or rail
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16
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 24 months (2 years)?

A
  • Runs safely
  • Throws ball overhand
  • Walks up and down stairs, both feet on each step
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17
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 30 months?

A
  • Jumps on 2 feet

- Kicks a ball

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18
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 36 months (3 years)?

A
  • Walks backwards and sideways
  • Rides a tricycle
  • Catches a large ball with arms outstretched
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19
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 48 months (4 years)?

A
  • Stands, walks, and runs on tiptoes

- Runs up and down stairs

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20
Q

What is normal gross motor function in a child of 5 years?

A
  • Hops
  • Catches a ball
  • Heel-toe walking
  • May ride a bike
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21
Q

What does fine motor development refer to?

A

Smaller movements, mostly concentrated on hands

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22
Q

Give 4 examples of fine motor skills

A
  • Grip
  • Manipulation of small objects
  • Writing
  • Using scissors
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23
Q

Why is fine motor development important?

A

Because these skills underpin many others

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24
Q

Give an example of where a fine motor skill underpins another skill

A

If you can’t hold or manipulate objects, you won’t be able to feed yourself using fork or spoon (social skill)

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25
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 1 month?

A
  • Gasps a finger when placed in the palm
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26
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 3 months?

A
  • Watches their own hands
  • Brings hands to their mouth
  • Holds a toy briefly
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27
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 6 months?

A
  • Palmar grasp
  • Reaches for toys
  • Puts objects into mouth
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28
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 9 months?

A
  • Passes toys from one hand to other

- May have pincer grip

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29
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 12 months?

A
  • Fine pincer grip
  • Points to objects of interest
  • Releases objects intentionally
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30
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 15 months?

A
  • Imitates to and fro scribbles

- Builds a tower of 2 cubes when demonstrated

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31
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 18 months?

A

Makes a tower of 3 blocks

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32
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 24 months (2 years)?

A
  • Builds a tower of 6 blocks
  • Draws a horizontal line with preferred hand, may draw vertical lines
  • Turns pages of a book individually
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33
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 30 months?

A
  • Can thread beads on a string
  • Makes a tower of 7 or more blocks
  • Holds a pencil with a tripod grip
34
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 36 months (3 years)?

A
  • Builds a bridge using blocks
  • Draws a circle
  • Draws a person with a head
35
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 42 months (3.5 years)?

A

Draws a cross

36
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 48 months (4 years)?

A
  • Builds steps using blocks
  • Draws a square
  • Draws a person with head/face, arms, and legs
37
Q

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 60 months (5 years)?

A
  • Uses a knife and fork competently
  • Draws a triangle
  • Copies alphabet letters
38
Q

What is speech?

A

The actual sounds of spoken language

39
Q

What is speech produced by?

A

Co-ordinated action of the muscles of the tongue, lips, jaw, and vocal tract

40
Q

What is language?

A

The systems of words and symbols that we use to communicate with each other

41
Q

What does the term language encompass?

A
  • Written
  • Verbal
  • Non-verbal (gestures and body language)
42
Q

What does speech and language development rely on?

A
  • Intact hearing
  • Good muscle control
  • Exposure to language through interaction with other people
43
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a newborn?

A
  • Cries
44
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 6-8 weeks?

A
  • Coos
45
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 3 months?

A

Laughs and vocalises

46
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 6 months?

A
  • Understands words such as mama, dada, or bye-bye
  • Babbles spontaneously, initially monosyllables
  • Uses a tuneful, singsong voice
47
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 9 months?

A
  • Initiates adult sounds, such as coughs
  • Understands simple commands
  • Understands ‘no’
48
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 12 months?

A
  • Knows and responds to own name

- Uses 2-6 words and understands many more

49
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 18 months?

A
  • 6-40 recognisable words
  • Can point to parts of the body when asked
  • Tries to sing
50
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 24 months (2 years)?

A
  • Speaks over 200 words, understands many more
  • Join words together
  • Omits opening or closing consonants
51
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 30 months?

A
  • Continually asks questions
52
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 36 months (3 years)?

A
  • Can name 2-3 colours
  • Knows and repeats songs and nursery rhymes
  • Counts by rote up to 10
  • Has simple conversations
53
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 48 months (4 years)?

A
  • Talks fluently
  • Counts by rote up to 20
  • Enjoys jokes
54
Q

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 60 months (5 years)?

A
  • Fluent in speech and mostly grammatically correct

- Interested in reading and writing

55
Q

What does social development refer to?

A

Growth in relationships with others, within the construct of their culture and society

56
Q

What is socialisation?

A

The process of learning the skills and attitudes peculiar to the community in which the child lives

57
Q

What do children need to do in order to build and maintain healthy relationships with adults and children?

A

Develop an understanding of actions, intentions, and feelings of others

58
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a newborn?

A
  • Responds to being picked up

- Enjoys feeding and cuddling

59
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 6 weeks?

A
  • Gazes at adult faces

- Social smile

60
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 3 months?

A
  • Smiles at familiar faces and at strangers
61
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 6 months?

A
  • Feeds self with fingers

- Shows stranger fear

62
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 9 months?

A
  • Waves bye
  • Plays peek-a-boo
  • Shows likes and dislikes
63
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 12 months?

A
  • Drinks from a cup with 2 hands

- Has seperation anxiety

64
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 18 months?

A
  • Uses a spoon
  • Plays contentedly alone, near a familiar adult
  • Eager to be independent
65
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 24 months?

A
  • Displays frustration (temper tantrums)
  • Dresses self
  • Begins to express feelings
66
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 30 months?

A
  • Eats skilfully with a spoon, may use a fork
  • May use toilet independently
  • Plays alone and alongside other children (parallel play)
  • Enjoys pretend play
67
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 36 months (3 years)?

A
  • Shows affection for younger siblings
  • Probably toilet-trained, though may still be wet at night
  • Enjoys helping adults, imitating household tasks
  • Has friends
68
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 48 months (4 years)?

A
  • Eats skilfully with fork and spoon
  • Brushes own teeth
  • Shows sensitivity to others
  • Takes turns
69
Q

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 60 months (5 years)?

A
  • Very definite likes and dislikes
  • Shows sympathy and comforts friends
  • Dresses without help, except laces
  • Engages in co-operative and imaginative play, observing rules
70
Q

What does hearing and vision refer to?

A

The acquisition of mature sight and sound interpretation

71
Q

Why is development of hearing and site important?

A

As they allow for development within other domains

72
Q

Give an example of where hearing and vision are important for the development of other domains

A

In order to acquire a gross motor skill such as walking or running, it is important that the child has adequate vision to do so

73
Q

What is normal hearing and vision development in a newborn?

A
  • Fascinated by human faces
  • Turns head towards light
  • Startled by sudden noises
74
Q

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 1 month?

A
  • Turns head towards diffuse light and stares at bright objects
  • Startles to loud noises
75
Q

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 3 months?

A
  • Focuses eyes on same point
  • Moves head deliberately to gaze around them
  • Refers moving objects to still ones
76
Q

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 6 months?

A
  • Adjusts position to see objects

- Turns towards source of sounds

77
Q

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 12 months?

A
  • Sees almost as well as an adult

- Knows and responds to their own name

78
Q

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 18 months?

A

Recognises themselves in the mirror

79
Q

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 24 months (2 years)?

A
  • Recognises familiar people in photographs

- Listens to conversations with interest

80
Q

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 30 months?

A
  • Recognises self in photographs

- Recognises small details in picture books

81
Q

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 48 months (4 years)?

A
  • Matches primary colours

- Listens to long stories with attention

82
Q

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 60 months (5 years)?

A
  • Can match 10 colours

B - Paediatrics MANAGEMENT (106 decks)

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