Development Flashcards
What is child development?
The process by which the dependant infant matures into the independent adult, functioning within society
What factors are involved in child development?
Complex interweaving of biological, psychological, and environmental factors
Is development the same in different children?
Development in humans follows a predictable pattern and a rough schedule, but no individual develops exactly the same way
What is important, when considering normal development?
Progress and parity - that children are moving forward in different areas of development at roughly the same rate
What features of development are concerning?
- Disparity in progress between areas of the body, e.g. right side and left side, lower limbs and upper limbs
- Disparity between domains of development
- Regression
What is regression?
Loss of previously attained skills
What does gross motor development refer to?
Abilities required for big movements and activities
Give 5 examples of gross motor tasks
- Sitting
- Standing
- Walking
- Running
- Climbing stairs
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 1 month old?
- Symmetrical movements in all limbs
- Normal muscle tone
- Head lag when pulled up
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 3 months old?
- Almost no head lag when pulled to sit
- Lifts head and chest when prone
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 6 months?
- Rolls from back to front
- When held, stands and sits with a straight back
- Bears most of own weight
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 9 months?
- Sits without support
- Stands holding onto furniture
- Moves around the floor, e.g. wriggling, commando crawling
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 12 months?
- Stands without support
- Crawls, bottom shuffles, or ‘bear-walks’
- Cruises along furniture
- May walk unsteadily
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 15 months?
- Generally walks without support
- Crawls upstairs
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 18 months?
- Walks steadily, stopping safely
- Squats to pick up toy
- Climbs stairs holding a hand or rail
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 24 months (2 years)?
- Runs safely
- Throws ball overhand
- Walks up and down stairs, both feet on each step
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 30 months?
- Jumps on 2 feet
- Kicks a ball
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 36 months (3 years)?
- Walks backwards and sideways
- Rides a tricycle
- Catches a large ball with arms outstretched
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 48 months (4 years)?
- Stands, walks, and runs on tiptoes
- Runs up and down stairs
What is normal gross motor function in a child of 5 years?
- Hops
- Catches a ball
- Heel-toe walking
- May ride a bike
What does fine motor development refer to?
Smaller movements, mostly concentrated on hands
Give 4 examples of fine motor skills
- Grip
- Manipulation of small objects
- Writing
- Using scissors
Why is fine motor development important?
Because these skills underpin many others
Give an example of where a fine motor skill underpins another skill
If you can’t hold or manipulate objects, you won’t be able to feed yourself using fork or spoon (social skill)
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 1 month?
- Gasps a finger when placed in the palm
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 3 months?
- Watches their own hands
- Brings hands to their mouth
- Holds a toy briefly
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 6 months?
- Palmar grasp
- Reaches for toys
- Puts objects into mouth
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 9 months?
- Passes toys from one hand to other
- May have pincer grip
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 12 months?
- Fine pincer grip
- Points to objects of interest
- Releases objects intentionally
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 15 months?
- Imitates to and fro scribbles
- Builds a tower of 2 cubes when demonstrated
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 18 months?
Makes a tower of 3 blocks
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 24 months (2 years)?
- Builds a tower of 6 blocks
- Draws a horizontal line with preferred hand, may draw vertical lines
- Turns pages of a book individually
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 30 months?
- Can thread beads on a string
- Makes a tower of 7 or more blocks
- Holds a pencil with a tripod grip
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 36 months (3 years)?
- Builds a bridge using blocks
- Draws a circle
- Draws a person with a head
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 42 months (3.5 years)?
Draws a cross
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 48 months (4 years)?
- Builds steps using blocks
- Draws a square
- Draws a person with head/face, arms, and legs
What is normal fine motor function in a child of 60 months (5 years)?
- Uses a knife and fork competently
- Draws a triangle
- Copies alphabet letters
What is speech?
The actual sounds of spoken language
What is speech produced by?
Co-ordinated action of the muscles of the tongue, lips, jaw, and vocal tract
What is language?
The systems of words and symbols that we use to communicate with each other
What does the term language encompass?
- Written
- Verbal
- Non-verbal (gestures and body language)
What does speech and language development rely on?
- Intact hearing
- Good muscle control
- Exposure to language through interaction with other people
What is normal speech and language development in a newborn?
- Cries
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 6-8 weeks?
- Coos
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 3 months?
Laughs and vocalises
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 6 months?
- Understands words such as mama, dada, or bye-bye
- Babbles spontaneously, initially monosyllables
- Uses a tuneful, singsong voice
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 9 months?
- Initiates adult sounds, such as coughs
- Understands simple commands
- Understands ‘no’
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 12 months?
- Knows and responds to own name
- Uses 2-6 words and understands many more
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 18 months?
- 6-40 recognisable words
- Can point to parts of the body when asked
- Tries to sing
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 24 months (2 years)?
- Speaks over 200 words, understands many more
- Join words together
- Omits opening or closing consonants
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 30 months?
- Continually asks questions
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 36 months (3 years)?
- Can name 2-3 colours
- Knows and repeats songs and nursery rhymes
- Counts by rote up to 10
- Has simple conversations
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 48 months (4 years)?
- Talks fluently
- Counts by rote up to 20
- Enjoys jokes
What is normal speech and language development in a child of 60 months (5 years)?
- Fluent in speech and mostly grammatically correct
- Interested in reading and writing
What does social development refer to?
Growth in relationships with others, within the construct of their culture and society
What is socialisation?
The process of learning the skills and attitudes peculiar to the community in which the child lives
What do children need to do in order to build and maintain healthy relationships with adults and children?
Develop an understanding of actions, intentions, and feelings of others
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a newborn?
- Responds to being picked up
- Enjoys feeding and cuddling
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 6 weeks?
- Gazes at adult faces
- Social smile
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 3 months?
- Smiles at familiar faces and at strangers
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 6 months?
- Feeds self with fingers
- Shows stranger fear
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 9 months?
- Waves bye
- Plays peek-a-boo
- Shows likes and dislikes
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 12 months?
- Drinks from a cup with 2 hands
- Has seperation anxiety
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 18 months?
- Uses a spoon
- Plays contentedly alone, near a familiar adult
- Eager to be independent
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 24 months?
- Displays frustration (temper tantrums)
- Dresses self
- Begins to express feelings
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 30 months?
- Eats skilfully with a spoon, may use a fork
- May use toilet independently
- Plays alone and alongside other children (parallel play)
- Enjoys pretend play
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 36 months (3 years)?
- Shows affection for younger siblings
- Probably toilet-trained, though may still be wet at night
- Enjoys helping adults, imitating household tasks
- Has friends
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 48 months (4 years)?
- Eats skilfully with fork and spoon
- Brushes own teeth
- Shows sensitivity to others
- Takes turns
What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 60 months (5 years)?
- Very definite likes and dislikes
- Shows sympathy and comforts friends
- Dresses without help, except laces
- Engages in co-operative and imaginative play, observing rules
What does hearing and vision refer to?
The acquisition of mature sight and sound interpretation
Why is development of hearing and site important?
As they allow for development within other domains
Give an example of where hearing and vision are important for the development of other domains
In order to acquire a gross motor skill such as walking or running, it is important that the child has adequate vision to do so
What is normal hearing and vision development in a newborn?
- Fascinated by human faces
- Turns head towards light
- Startled by sudden noises
What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 1 month?
- Turns head towards diffuse light and stares at bright objects
- Startles to loud noises
What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 3 months?
- Focuses eyes on same point
- Moves head deliberately to gaze around them
- Refers moving objects to still ones
What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 6 months?
- Adjusts position to see objects
- Turns towards source of sounds
What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 12 months?
- Sees almost as well as an adult
- Knows and responds to their own name
What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 18 months?
Recognises themselves in the mirror
What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 24 months (2 years)?
- Recognises familiar people in photographs
- Listens to conversations with interest
What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 30 months?
- Recognises self in photographs
- Recognises small details in picture books
What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 48 months (4 years)?
- Matches primary colours
- Listens to long stories with attention
What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 60 months (5 years)?
- Can match 10 colours
