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PSYCH 201 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the divisions of development in the APA?

A

7, 20 (adult), 33 (disability) 54 (pediatric)

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2
Q

What is development?

A

The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

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3
Q

What are the stages of development and their ages?

A
  1. Prenatal (conception to birth)
  2. Childhood (birth to 12 years)
  3. Adolescence (12-20 years)
  4. Adulthood (20 years to death)
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4
Q

What is a cross-sectional design?

A

When researchers compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time.

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5
Q

What is a longitudinal design?

A

When researchers follow the same people over time to track development. Strongest design for evaluating change.

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6
Q

What is the cohort effect?

A

Problem with cross-sectional designs, occur when differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods.

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7
Q

What is the cohort-sequential design?

A

Combining cross-sectional and longitudinal designs to help address the weaknesses of each. Doesn’t help much with time and expense.

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8
Q

What are the stages of prenatal development?

A

Gestational (1-2 weeks), Embryonic (2-8 weeks), Fetal (9-40 weeks)

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9
Q

What happens when a mother uses sedatives, narcotics, or cocaine during pregnancy?

A

There can be birth complications and cognitive defects in the baby.

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10
Q

What happens when a mother uses marijuana during pregnancy?

A

Executive cognitive function and mental health decrease-more susceptible to anger and depression.

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11
Q

What happens when a mother uses tobacco during pregnancy?

A

Miscarriage, low birth rate, cleft lip, SIDS

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Microcephaly, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, delayed mental and motor development

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13
Q

What happens when a mother uses heroin during pregnancy?

A

Low-birth-weight, addiction, withdrawal.

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14
Q

What are some environmental factors of prenatal development?

A

Maternal nutrition, stress and emotion, maternal illness, environmental toxins, fetal origins of adult diseases (malnutrition and schizophrenia, low birth weight and heart disease)

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15
Q

During childhood, what is the proximodistal pattern of development?

A

Growth proceeding from centre (spine) to the extremities.

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16
Q

During childhood, what is the cephalocaudal pattern of development?

A

Growth proceeds from top to bottom

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17
Q

How do the synapses change during childhood development?

A

There are more transmission points between neurons (86 billion neurons x 2500 at birth; x 15k at 2.5 years)

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18
Q

What is myelination?

A

Development of fatty deposits on neurons that allow electrical impulses to pass through neurons more efficiently

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19
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Developmental reduction of neuronal connections, allowing stronger connections to flourish

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20
Q

When do the senses develop during childhood?

A

Available at birth-taste, smell touch
Available within days of birth- Hearing
Available within 1 year- sight, but not fully available until 4 years.

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21
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Programmed physical reactions to certain cues that do not require any conscious thought to perform

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22
Q

What are the main milestones of motor development during childhood?

A

Grasping and reaching, manipulating objects and sitting up (5-7.5 months), crawling and standing (5-10 months), Walking (7-13 months), up stairs (14-22 months), running.

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23
Q

When is infant temperament established?

A

By 2-3 months, predicts temperament at later ages

24
Q

What is attachment?

A

The close, emotional, affectionate bond with another person, baby to caregiver.

25
Q

When does separation anxiety develop?

A

Between 6-8months to 14-18 months.

26
Q

What did Harlow and Zimmermans rhesus monkey show?

A

That food and comfort were 2 different needs

27
Q

What was John Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment?

A

Babies are preprogrammed in a way that trigger affection and protection from parents. Parents are preprogrammed to be captivated and respond.

28
Q

What was Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” procedure?

A

Infants exposed to 8, 3-minute separation and reunion episodes to assess attachment

29
Q

What are the four attachment styles?

A

Secure attachment (happy with mother there, anxious when she leaves, but quickly comforted when she’s back) , avoidant attachment (seek little contact with mother, don’t care when she leaves or returns) , anxious/ambivalent attachment (anxious when mother is near, anxious when she leaves, anxious when she’s back) , disorganized/disoriented attachment (confusion about whether they should approach or avoid mother)

30
Q

What are the 4 parenting styles and what are they based on?

A

Authoritarian (focus on obedience, punishment), authoritative (enforce rules, create positive relationship), Permissive (don’t enforce rules), Uninvolved (provide little guidance, nurturing, or attention). Based on demands put on the child and responsiveness to childs needs.

31
Q

What is reciprocal socialization?

A

The idea that parenting style is, in part, a product of the childs tendencies and demeanour.

32
Q

How does personality develop in children?

A

Through stage (discontinuous- developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behaviour are exhibited and certain capacities become established) and maturation (continuous).

33
Q

What is Erikson’s stage theory and what stages does it include?

A

Life span is divided into 8 stages, each bringing a psychosocial crisis. First 4 are childhood, and they involve trust vs mistrust (first year of life) , autonomy vs shame and doubt (2-3) , initiative vs guilt (4-6) and industry vs inferiority (6-puberty).

34
Q

What is cognitive development in childhood?

A

Transitions in childrens patterns of thinking (reasoning, remembering, problem solving)

35
Q

What did Piaget’s theory of development consist of?

A

Scheme- mental template of info used for understanding and thinking
Assimilation-When new information gets absorbed into pre-existing template.
Accommodation- When new information requires new template
Equilibrium- mental balance achieved through assimilation and accomodation
Stages- Qualitative shift in thinking abilities.

36
Q

What is the sensorimotor period in Piaget’s theory?

A

Birth-age 2: infants developing ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions. Heavy reliance on senses and reflexes for info. Includes object permanence and representations.

37
Q

What is the preoperational period in Piaget’s Theory?

A

Ages 2-7: Improve in use of mental images. Includes egocentrism (inability to see another’s perspective), Irreversibility (ability to work backwards from perception to reality), animism (belief that all things are living), centration (focusing on one aspect of a problem, igorning other aspects), and conservation (understanding object properties stay constant despite changes to appearance).

38
Q

What is the concrete operational period in Piaget’s Theory?

A

Ages 7-11: Children are able to talk about complex relationships such as categorization and cause and effect. Sense of operations (ability to hold an idea in their mind and mentally manipulate it), limited to real life or concrete examples.

39
Q

What is the formal operational period in Piaget’s theory?

A

11 onwards: When children achieve hypothetical deductive reasoning and the ability to think abstractly.

40
Q

What is Vgyotsky’s socio-cultural learning theory?

A

Learning as a social process rather than individual achievement.

41
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

The gap between what a child can do independently versus what a child can do with help.

42
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

Adjustments adults make to provide help while fostering mastery without dependence.

43
Q

What is habituation and dishabituation and how does this area of research help us to understand development?

A

Habituation: Gradual decline in response to a new stimulus
Dishabituation: New stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of a habituated response.
Gives researches an idea of what types of events infants can tell apart, which events surprise or interest them, and which may violate their expectations.

44
Q

What is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

A

Focused on cognitive moral reasoning, 3 stages:
Preconventional (morals due to external authority), conventional (rules are necessary for maintaining social order), postconventional (personal code of ethics).

45
Q

What are the physiological changes during adolescence?

A

Growth spurts (female: 9-10 years. Male: 10-12 years), development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.

46
Q

How is teen behavior driven by the brain and hormones?

A

Pituitary gland coordinates endocrine system, which stimulates hair growth, muscle tissue, menstrual cycle, and growth spurts. Changes in prefrontal cortex show myelinization and synaptic pruning.

47
Q

What are the 4 factors in James Marcia’s 2x2 identity matrix of crisis and commitment?

A

Identity Achievement: Crisis and commitment both present
Identity Foreclosure: crisis absent, commitment present
Identity Moratorium: Crisis present, commitment absent
Identity diffusion: crisis absent, commitment absent

48
Q

Is personality stable when it comes to adult development?

A

Stable in comparison with others, but not when compared to self. Biggest changes occur between 20-40.

49
Q

What are Erikson’s stages in adulthood?

A

Early adulthood: Intimacy v isolation
Middle adulthood: generativity v self-absorption
Late adulthood: integrity v despair.

50
Q

What are the changes in neural development as we age?

A

Neurons continue to grow connections throughout life, , declines in long term memory and learning in 40s and 50s, further declines in memory and confidence in 60s and 70s.

51
Q

Telomeres and Cellular clock theory of aging

A

Programmed end dates and inability to repair.

52
Q

Wear-and-tear theory of ageing

A

Use wears out our bodies

53
Q

Free-radical theory of ageing

A

Negatively charged oxygen molecules accumulate with age, destabilizing cellular structures and doing damage to our bodies.

54
Q

What are the 5 stages of terminally ill patients?

A

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

55
Q

What are the 4 types of bereavement?

A

Absent grief, chronic grief, common grief, depressed-improved grief.

PSYCH 201 (9 decks)

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