Development

Question 1

What was the 1980’s for critical development?

What happened?

Answer 1

Lost decade

• Increase in NGO’s
• Reduction of barriers

Question 2

What millennium development goals

Answer 2

1) stop poverty
2) universal primary education
3) Combat aids
4) reduce child inequality

Question 3

What did Sen (2001) argue?

Answer 3

• Development – expansion of freedom is means and end.-Functionings – thing a person might value doing/being
• Capability/freedom – freedom to achieve various lifestyles
• Expansion of Human capabilities

Question 4

What did Escobar (2001) say about developmental discourse?

Answer 4

-Development as historically produced discourse – countries are seen and see themselves as underdeveloped – interventions
-Power and action are linked
-Fluidity and heterogeneity of development discourses
LINKED TO FOUCAULT

Question 5

Name some criticisms of race/racism in developmental discourse

Answer 5

Challenging Eurocentrism

• Continuities between colonial histories of development and contemporary representations of the 3rd world
• Racialised constructions of ‘expatriate’

Question 6

What is the alternative development?

Answer 6

Involves the issues of:
1) environmental concerns: threat to biodiversity, resource based conflicts

2) feminist concerns: Women’s marginalisation, women in development, development of gender

Question 7

Significant event’s from 1946-1970’s?

Answer 7

• Post-colonial
• Bretton Woods
• Disempowered Southern governments

Question 8

What is the dependency theory from Frank (1969)?

Answer 8

1) Underdevelopment result of colonialism
2) Periphery is integrated into world capitalist system through slavery
3) historical process that generated western development and poverty in LEDC’s

Question 9

What did Veracini (2013) say about settler colonialism?

Answer 9

1) Unrelated to colonialism
2) Hypercolonialism
3) subordinates local communities (boer control)

Question 10

What did Mahoney (2000) say about Spain/England comparison?

Answer 10

Britain

• colonised less developed areas
• less extensive colonialism

Spain

• colonised more developed areas
• more extensive colonialism

Question 11

What does Robinson (2001) argue about path dependency?

Answer 11

1) There are institutional differences between countries colonised by Europeans
2) institutions influence states and thus policies

Question 12

what’s Adams (2005) argument?

Answer 12

3rd wave (turn/multiple modernities) comp soc involves:

1) rational actor choice
2) feminist challenges
3) institutionalism

Question 13

What were Rostow’s (1960) stages of development?

Answer 13

Stages of Economic Growth:

1) Traditional society
2) Preconditions for take-off
3) Take-off
4) Drive to maturity
5) Age of high consumption

Question 14

What did escobar (1995) argue about dependency theory?

Answer 14

1) Development is a discourse and is historically produced by MEDC’s
2) fluidity and heterogeneity of development discourse

Question 15

What does GDP, GINI, HDI all mean?

Answer 15

GDP - economic growth (gross domestic product)
GINI (degree of inequality)
HDI - human development index

Question 16

What does GINI, GDP, HDI result in?

Answer 16

Life expectancy, educational opportunities

Question 17

What were Eisenstadt’s (1973) 2 points in modernisation theory?

Answer 17

1) process of change where LEDC’s developed characteristics common to MEDC’s
2) achievement of modernity while maintaining social cohesion and equilibrium

Question 18

What is a classical measure of development?

Answer 18

Wealth

Question 19

What new indicators of modernisation can we use?

Answer 19

Life expectancy

Gender equality

Question 20

What did Mahoney’s (2006) study on path-dependency suggest?
Also dependent on 2 things:
What model did he use?

Answer 20

Pre-colonial and post-colonial development are dependent in the chain of the level of dependency
Mercantilism: trade tariffs
Liberal model: free market