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Child Health > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ‘median age’

A

The age at which half a standard population of children will have acquired a skill

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2
Q

What is the ‘limit age’

A

The maximum age at which a child should have developed a skill (usually 2 standard deviations above the mean)

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3
Q

What is the staging system used to define the different points of puberty?

A

The Tanner Staging System

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4
Q

What are the 3 stages of puberty as defined by the Tanner System

A

Pre-puberty
In puberty
Completing puberty

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5
Q

What is the age of precocious puberty for boys and girls?

A

Girls - Under 8 years old

Boys - Under 9 years old

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6
Q

What defines the ‘pre-pubertal’ stage of puberty for boys and girls?

A

Girls: No breast or nipple enlargement, no pubic hair growth
Boys: High voice, no growth of testes or penis, no pubic hair growth

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7
Q

What defines the ‘in puberty’ stage of puberty for boys and girls?

A

Girls: Breast enlargement only when accompanied by nipple enlargement, some development of pubic and axillary hair
Boys: Reddening of scrotum with growth of testes and growth of penis, early voice deepening, development of pubic and axillary hair

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8
Q

What defines the ‘completing puberty’ stage of puberty for boys and girls?

A

Girls: Breast and nipple enlargement, pubic and axillary hair developed, periods started
Boys: Voice fully deepened, adult size of penis, growth of pubic and axillary hair, growth of moustache and early facial hair growth

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9
Q

At what age is puberty described as ‘delayed’ for boys and girls?

A

Girls - Over age 13

Boys - Over age 14

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10
Q

What are the primitive reflexes?

A 
Moro
Sucking
Babinski
Rooting
Stepping
Grasping
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
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11
Q

What are the warning signs for developmental delay at 6 weeks?

A 
No smiling
Excessive head lag
No fixing and following
No response to sounds
Asymmetrical primitive reflexes
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12
Q

What are the warning signs for developmental delay at 8 months?

A

Persistence of primitive reflexes
Hand preference
Squinting
Fisting

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13
Q

What are the median ages for drawing ability in infants and young children? This reflects their fine motor and visual skills.

A 
18 months = Linear and circular scribble
2 years = Line
3 years = Circle
4 years = Cross (+)
5 years = Square, then triangle
6 years = Diamond
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14
Q

True / False: About 80% of cerebral palsy results from antenatal causes

A

True

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15
Q

What are the different types of cerebral palsy?

A

Spastic cerebral palsy
Dyskinetic (Choreathetoid) cerebral palsy
Ataxic (hypotonic) cerebral palsy

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16
Q

Which pathway is damaged in spastic cerebral palsy?

A

Upper motor neurons - pyramidal or corticospinal tracts

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of spastic cerebral palsy?

A

Hemiplegia
Quadriplegia
Diplegia

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18
Q

Which type of cerebral palsy results from damage to the basal ganglia?

A

Choreathetoid (dyskinetic) cerebral palsy

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19
Q

Give 2 causes of dyskinetic (choreathetoid) cerebral palsy

A

Kernicterus

Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy

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20
Q

What is the triad of presenting characteristics f autism spectrum disorders?

A
  • Impaired reciprocal social interaction
  • Retualistic or repetitive behaviours
  • Speech and language disorder
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21
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Rett’s syndrome?

A

X linked dominant

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22
Q

Which gender is primarily affected by Rett’s syndrome?

A

Females

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23
Q

When do features of autism generally emerge?

A

Before the age of 3 years old

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24
Q

What is thelarche?

A

Development of breast tissue

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25
Q

Is precocious puberty more common in males or females?

A

Females

26
Q

True / False: Precocious puberty in males usually has an underlying organic cause?

A

True

27
Q

Is delayed puberty more common in males or females?

A

Males

28
Q

Is most cerebral palsy in the UK acquired in the antenatal, perinatal or postnatal period?

A

Antenatal

29
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

Abnormality in motor function and posture resulting from abnormalities in brain function. Can also result in learning difficulties, cognitive impairment, behavioural anomalies and seizures. The brain lesion occurs before the age of 2 and is non-progressive, although the symptoms themselves may progress such that the condition appears to be degenerative.

30
Q

What might be the findings on neurological examination of a child with spastic cerebral palsy?

A

‘Clasp-knife’ spasticity
Brisk reflexes
Up-going plantars
Distribution will depend on the sub-type of cerebral palsy (e.g. hemiplegic, diplegia, quadriplegic)

31
Q

What is athetosis and when might it be seen?

A

Slow, within movements, especially distally (e.g. fanning of hands)
Seen in dyskinetic (choreoathetoid) cerebral palsy

32
Q

What is dystonia and when might it be seen?

A

Contraction of agonist and antagonist muscle groups together, which results in a twisting movement
Seen in dyskinetic (choreoathetoid) cerebral palsy

33
Q

What are the 4 functional areas assessed in development?

A

Gross motor
Fine motor (includes vision)
Speech, language and hearing
Social, emotional and behavioural

34
Q

When should an infant / child have the ability to smile socially?

A

6 weeks

35
Q

What might you expect a child to be able to do at 6 weeks?

A

Gross motor: Lift head to 45 degrees when prone
Fine motor / vision: Fixing and following
Speech, language, hearing: Startles to loud noises
Social: Smiling

36
Q

At what age would you expect a child to be able to transfer object from one hand to another?

A

6 months

37
Q

At what age would you be concerned if a child could not sit up by themselves?

A

9 months

Sitting unsupported should happen at 6-8 months

38
Q

At what age would you expect a child to be able to say ‘mama’ or ‘dada’?

A

12 months

39
Q

At what age would you be concerned if a child could not walk unsupported?

A

18 months

40
Q

What fine motor / vision skill is usually acquired by 12 months?

A

Fine pincer grip

41
Q

At what age does a child normally start crawling?

A

6-9 months

42
Q

A child can walk unaided and is able to drink from a cup. They can say ‘mama’ and ‘dada’ but not many other words. When given 3 bricks they can pick 2 up and bang them together but don’t make an attempt to make a tower. What age might this child be?

A

About 1 year old:
Gross motor by 1 year = Walking unaided
Fine motor / vision by 1 year = Pincer grasp
Speech and language by 1 year = ‘Mama’, ‘dada’
Social and behavioural by 1 year = Drinks from a cup

43
Q

At what age might you expect a child to be able to build a small tower of 3-4 bricks?

A

18 months

44
Q

What might you expect to see on developmental assessment of an 18 month old child?

A

Gross motor = Walking unsupported, climbs stairs
Fine motor / vision = Builds tower 3-4 blocks, fine piece grip e.g. turns pages, scribbles
Speech / language = Identifies 4 body parts, able to say several words
Social / emotional / behavioural = Puts food to mouth using spoon

45
Q

Describe how you would assess a child’s age by observing how they use building blocks. What domain of development is this assessing?

A 
Assesses fine motor / vision:
18 months = Tower of 2-3 blocks
2 years = Tower of 6 blocks
2 and 1/2 years = Tower of 8 blocks or 'train' of 4 blocks
3 years = Bridge with 3 blocks
4 years = Steps (with demonstration)
46
Q

How many blocks would you expect a child of 2 years old to build into a tower?

A

2 years = Tower of 6 blocks

47
Q

What are the 2 ways that fine motor / vision skills can be assessed, particularly in children aged over 18 months?

A

Building blocks

Writing

48
Q

A child can draw a circle and can build a bridge using 3 blocks. They cannot form the bricks into steps when you show them how. How old might this child be?

A

3 years old
Fine motor / vision at 3 years = Builds a bridge using 3 blocks, draws a circle
Fine motor / vision at 4 years = Builds steps using bricks (with demonstration), draws a cross (+)

49
Q

What age might a child be if they can hop on one leg?

A

4 years old

50
Q

What age can a child ride a tricycle?

A

3 years

51
Q

What fine motor skill would you expect to see in a 3-4 month infant?

A

Reaching out for object

52
Q

A baby is lying on a play mat ‘cooing’. She sees an object you hold in front of her and follows it when you move it. She also reaches out for that object. What age might you expect this baby to be?

A

3-4 months

Fine motor / vision at 3-4 months = Reaching out for object
Language / speech at 3 months = cooing

53
Q

At what age would you expect a baby / infant to be able to roll over by themselves?

A

6 months

54
Q

What age would you expect a child to be able to dress / undress themselves?

A

5 years

55
Q

What is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex?

A

One of the primitive reflexes - when supine, the baby adopts an outstretched arm to the side when the head is turned in that direction

56
Q

What is dyspraxia?

A

Disorder of motor planning and / or execution, with no neurological cause

57
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

Disorder of reading skills, usually defined if a child’s reading age is less than 2 years what is expected

58
Q

What is dyscalculia?

A

Disorder of calculation ability

59
Q

What is dysgraphia?

A

Disorder of writing ability

60
Q

What is the first sign of puberty in boys?

A

Testicular enlargement

61
Q

What is usually the last stage of puberty in girls?

A

Menarche

62
Q

Which type of cerebral palsy typically results from intraventricular haemorrhage in the neonatal period?

A

Spastic diplegic cerebral palsy

Child Health (13 decks)

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