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MD1 Neuroscience > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuralation?

A
  • Neural plate made of neuroepithelium appears in the ectoderm.
  • Plate then invaginates and folds to form the neural tube below the ectoderm.
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2
Q

What is the gradient running down the neural tube?

A
  • Rostral to caudal gradient in the formation of the nervous system
  • Rostral is older
  • Caudal younger.
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3
Q

How many zones of neural fold closure are there?

A

5

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4
Q

What is anacephaly a result of?

A

Failure of zone 2 neural tube to close.

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5
Q

What is the most common of the neural fold closure defects?

A

Spina bifida

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6
Q

How can spina bifida be prevented?

A

By taking folate during pregnancy

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7
Q

How does segmentation of the neural tube begin?

A
  • Rostral end of neural tube starts to swell (vesiculation) and forms 3 distinct vesicles:
    • Prosencephalon (forebrain)
    • Mesencephalon (midbrain)
    • Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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8
Q

What does the prosencephalon split into?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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9
Q

What does the rhombencephalon split into?

A

7 vesicular segments

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10
Q

How does the retina form?

A

As out-pocketings of the CNS

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11
Q

What are the first two vesiculations of the rhombencephalon?

A

Metencephalon and myeloencephalon.

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12
Q

What do the remaining 5 vesiculations of the rhombencephalon become?

A

Spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the 3 vesicles of the 3 vesicle stage?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain) Mesencephalon (midbrain) Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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14
Q

What does the prosencephalon become in the 5 vesicle stage?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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15
Q

What does the mesencephalon become in the 5 vesicle stage?

A

Mesencephalon

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16
Q

What does the rhombencephalon become in the 5 vesicle stage?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

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17
Q

What are the mature derivatives of the telencephalon?

A

Cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus

18
Q

What are the mature derivatives of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

19
Q

What are the mature derivatives of the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

20
Q

What are the mature derivatives of the metencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum

21
Q

What are the mature derivatives of the caudal neural tube?

A

Spinal cord

22
Q

What is the neural crest?

A

The thin layer of cells that migrate away from the neural tube and sits beneath the ectoderm and above the neural tube.

23
Q

What are the neural crest derivatives?

A
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Melanocytes
  • Muscle
  • Cartilage and bone of skull, face and pharynx
  • Dentine
24
Q

How is the cortex generated?

A
  • The neuroepithelium adds layers to generate cortex.
  • New neurons are born from stem cells at the ventricular zone.
  • The cells grow on inner surface and then migrate outwards inside to outside.
25
Q

How do neurons migrate through the cortex?

A

By using radial glia as scaffolding

26
Q

What is Fragile X syndrome?

A
  • Most common cause of male autism.
  • Mutation of fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR1)
  • Affects synaptic and dendritic development.
27
Q

What will result from a mutation in genes that affect migration?

A

Cortex will be malformed, leading to developmental disorders and profound mental retardation.

28
Q

What is induction?

A

Signals using ligands and receptors pass between structures or tissues, inducing a particular response.

29
Q

How do axes within the spinal cord develop?

A
  • The neural tube sits on top of the notochord which releases signals (e.g. sonic hedgehog) that tell the neural tube what to do and its orientation.
  • It defines the floor plate of the neural tube.
  • The roof plate does the same thing, releasing TGF-beta, establishing the roof.
  • This establishes axes within the neural tube.
30
Q

How are the different groups of neurons in the spinal cord induced?

A
  • The notochord releases high conc. of sonic hedgehog, incuding the floor plate.
  • The floor plate then releases low conc. of sonic hedgehog, inducing motoneurons.
  • Motoneurons then release motorneuron factor, inducing interneurons to develop.
  • This happens in a ventral to dorsal direction.
31
Q

What is the role of the floor plate?

A

To establish an axis in the developing spinal cord and kick-start the induction cascade for motoneurons and interneurons.

32
Q

True or false: the axon is present when the neuron first develops.

A

False. The axon is a key feature of mature neurons.

33
Q

How does the axon develop?

A

It is towed into position by the growth cone.

34
Q

What is the growth cone?

A
  • A dynamic structure of the cytoskeleton which steers to its target by following diffusible and membrane bound signals such as NGF.
  • There is a network of signalling molecules that encourage and discourage growth into a network.
35
Q

What happens if one eye of a kitten is temporarily covered shortly after birth?

A
  • It will be blind in that eye.
  • Everything is normal in the retina and LGN, the blindness is cortical.
36
Q

What is seen in the visual cortex of a kitten that has had one eye covered from birth?

A

The deprived eye will have greatly reduced representation in the visual cortex, with the open eye having enhanced representation.

37
Q

What will happen to cortical representation of each eye if both eyes of the kitten are covered from birth?

A

Nothing. Each eye will have 50/50 ocular dominance in the visual cortex.

38
Q

What is a critical period?

A

The period of time in which the networks for each contributing eye (or other sensory modality) is created within the brain.

39
Q

Why can frequent otitis media infections in infants lead to permanent deafness?

A

Because the relative activity of that ear will be reduced compared to the other and will therefore have a reduced representation in the cortex, as the infant is currently within the critical period for neural network development.

40
Q

Why will there be no ocular dominance (rather 50/50 distribution) column disruption if both eyes are closed from birth?

A

Because activity and cortical representation is relative, not absolute.

MD1 Neuroscience (23 decks)

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