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MD1 Neuroscience > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What do the cranial nerves supply?

A

Somatic and visceral motor and sensory information to the head.

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2
Q

Which cranial nerves supply visceral sensory and motor innervation to the neck, chest and abdomen?

A

CNIX and CNX

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3
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?

A

CNI, II and VIII

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely motor?

A

CNIII, IV, VI, XI and XII

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5
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed sensory and motor?

A

CNV, VII, IX and X

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6
Q

Why do the mixed cranial nerves have multiple functions?

A

Because each cranial nerve contains many functional groups of fibres.

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7
Q

What are cranial nerves connected to centrally?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei

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8
Q

How are the cranial nerve nuclei organised?

A

Rostral to caudal roughly in order of the target tissues they are associated with, in columns of similar function.

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9
Q

Where are the motor nerve nuclei located in the brainstem?

A

In 3 columns close to the midline.

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10
Q

How are the 3 motor nerve nuclei columns arranged from medial to lateral?

A

Somatic, Branchial (gill) and visceral (autonomic)

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11
Q

Which structures are innervated by somatic motor nerves?

A

Extra-occular muscles and muscles of the tongue.

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12
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the extra-occular muscles?

A

CNIII Occulomotor

CNIV Trochlear

CNVI Abducens

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13
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue?

A

CNXII Hypoglossal

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14
Q

Which structures are innervated by branchial arch nerves?

A

Muscles of mastication

Muscles of facial expression

Muscles of pharynx and larynx

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15
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular division of CNV (Trigeminal)

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?

A

CN VII (Facial nerve)

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17
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the muscles of the pharynx and larynx?

A

CNIX (Glossopharyngeal nerve) and CNX (Vagus)

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18
Q

What is nucleus ambiguus?

A

Mostly a motor nucleus that lies behind the inferior olive.

It is the nucleus for CNIX (stylopharyngeus muscle) and CNX (levator palati muscle) that controls the pharynx and larynx.

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19
Q

What do the visceral efferents innervate?

A

Smooth muscles (autonomic)

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20
Q

Which nuclei comprise the visceral efferents?

A

CNIII - Edinger-Westfal nucleus

CNVII - Superior salivatory nucleus

CNIX - Inferior salivatory nucleus

CNX - Dorsal motor nucleus of the Vagus

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21
Q

Where are sensory nuclei located in the brainstem?

A

In 3 columns lateral to the medial 3 motor columns.

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22
Q

How are the 3 sensory nerve nuclei columns arranged from medial to lateral?

A

Visceral sensory

Somatic sensory

Special sensory

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23
Q

Which structures are innervated by the visceral afferent nerves?

A

Taste

Autonomic

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24
Q

Which cranial nerves are responsible for taste visceral afferents?

A

CNVII (Facial)

CNIX (Glossopharyngeal)

CNX (Vagus)

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25
Q

Which cranial nerves are responsible for autonomic visceral afferents?

A

CNX (Vagus)

CNIX (Glossopharyngeal)

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26
Q

How many nuclei are there in the visceral sensory column?

A

One (does both taste and autonomic from CNVII, IX and X)

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27
Q

Which nucleus is responsible for general visceral sensation in the visceral sensory column?

A

Nucleus solitarius

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28
Q

Where does the nucleus solitarius extend between?

A

From the pons to the level of nucleus gracilis

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29
Q

What are the two divisions of nucleus solitarius

A

Rostral: gustatory nucleus Caudal: visceral sensory division

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30
Q

What does the rostral aspect of nucleus solitarius contain?

A

Gustatory nucleus: Primary afferents receiving input from taste buds and the palate (i.e.CNVII, IX and X)

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31
Q

What does the caudal aspect of nucleus solitarius contain?

A

Visceral sensory division: CNX: afferents from heart; abdominal viscera

CNIX: baroreceptors & chemoreceptors from carotid body and sinus

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32
Q

What does the somatic sensory column receive sensory information on?

A

Sensation to face, forehead, mucosa of nose & mouth, most of cranial dura: CNV (Trigeminal)

Skin behind ear and lining of external auditory meatus: CNVII (Facial), CNIX (Glossopharyngeal) and CNX (Vagus)

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33
Q

Which cranial nerves does the somatic sensory column receive information from?

A

CNV (Trigeminal)

CNVII (Facial)

CNIX (Glossopharyngeal)

CNX (Vagus)

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34
Q

Which sensory information does the special sensory column receive?

A

Smell: CNI (Olfactory)

Vision: CNII (Optic)

Hearing & Equilibrium: CNVIII (Vestibulocochlear)

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35
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei arise originate from the midbrain?

A

CNIII and IV

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36
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei arise originate from the pons?

A

CNV, VI, VII and CNVIII

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37
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei arise originate from the medulla?

A

CNVIII, CNIX, CNX and XII

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38
Q

Which cranial nerves does nucleus solitarious receive?

A

Visceral afferents: CNVII, IX and X

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39
Q

Which cranial nerves does nucleus ambiguus receive?

A

Motor: CNIX and X

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40
Q

What is CNI’s name?

A

Olfactory

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41
Q

What is CNII’s name?

A

Optic

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42
Q

What is CNIII’s name?

A

Oculomotor

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43
Q

What is CNIV’s name?

A

Trochlear

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44
Q

What is CNV’s name?

A

Trigeminal

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45
Q

What is CNVI’s name?

A

Abducens

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46
Q

What is CNVII’s name?

A

Facial

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47
Q

What is CNVIII’s name?

A

Vestibulocochlear

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48
Q

What is CNIX’s name?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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49
Q

What is CNX’s name?

A

Vagus

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50
Q

What is CNXI’s name?

A

Accessory

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51
Q

What is CNXII’s name?

A

Hypoglossal

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52
Q

What causes the most common disruption to CNI?

A

Common cold

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53
Q

Which nerve is the olfactory nerve?

A

CNI

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54
Q

What does the olfactory nerve do?

A

Sense of smell (special sensory column)

55
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve exit the skull?

A

Cribiform plate

56
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve project to in the brain?

A

Gustatory cortex in the insular cortex

57
Q

Which nerve is the optic nerve?

A

CNII

58
Q

What type of nerve is the optic nerve?

A

Special sensory

59
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Vision

60
Q

Where does the optic nerve project to in the cortex?

A

V1 in the occipital lobe

61
Q

What cells in the retina are responsible for light transduction?

A

Ganglion cells

62
Q

What happens to some axons of the optic nerve within the optic chiasm?

A

They cross

63
Q

Where do optic nerve axons travel to after the optic chiasm?

A

To the lateral geniculate nucleus within the thalamus

64
Q

Where do axons project to after the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Visual cortex (V1)

65
Q

What are the 6 extra-ocular mucles?

A

Superior rectus; inferior rectus Medial rectus; lateral rectus Superior oblique; inferior oblique

66
Q

What are the 3 cranial nerves of ocular motion?

A

CNIII - Oculomotor

CNIV - Trochlear

CNVI - Abducens

67
Q

What do the nerves to extra-ocular muscles do?

A

Act in a coordinated fashion

68
Q

Where do the nerves to extra-ocular muscles exit the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissue

69
Q

Where does the optic nerve exit the skull?

A

Optic canal

70
Q

Which extra-ocular muscles does the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

Superior oblique

71
Q

Which extra-ocular muscles does the abducens nerve innervate?

A

Lateral rectus

72
Q

Which nerve is the oculomotor nerve?

A

CNIII

73
Q

What type of nerve is the oculomotor nerve?

A

Somatic motor and visceral motor (PS)

74
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do?

A

Motor: extra-ocular eye muscles MR, SR, IR and IO Elevates eye-lid via levator palpebrae superioris

PS to eye: - Iris (pupils) - Ciliary muscle (focussing)

75
Q

In which brainstem column do the oculomotor nerves involves in PS to the eye sit?

A

Visceral efferent column

76
Q

Where do all 3 extraocular motor nerves travel?

A

Go through the cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure.

III and VI go through the common tendinous ring.

77
Q

Which nerves enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure?

A

CNIII, IV, VI and V1

78
Q

Where is the superior orbital fissure located?

A

Between the greater and lesser wings of sphenoid.

79
Q

What do cranial nerves often exit in?

A

Groups

80
Q

Which cranial nerves exit the skull via the auditory canal?

A

CNVII and VIII

81
Q

Which cranial nerves exit the skull via the jugular foramen?

A

CNIX, X and XI

82
Q

Which cranial nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen?

A

CNXII

83
Q

Which nerves are involved in the pupillary light reflex?

A

Sensory inputs to brain from the retina via CNII.

Motor outputs to Sphincter Pupillae muscle in iris.

PS fibres from Edinger Westfal nucleus.

84
Q

Which nerve is the trigeminal nerve?

A

CNV

85
Q

What type of nerve is the trigeminal nerve?

A

Somatic sensory and branchial motor

86
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve do?

A

Sensory: input from the face and inside of mouth Motor: muscles of mastication. Tensor tympani (inner ear)

87
Q

Where do the trigeminal nuclei run?

A

From midbrain to upper spinal cord

88
Q

What are the 4 nuclei within the trigeminal nucleus?

A

Mesencephalic

Chief sensory

Spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN)

Motor nucleus

89
Q

What do the chief sensory and STN nuclei of the trigeminal nucleus provide?

A

Sensory system to the face and head.

90
Q

What are the chief sensory and STN nuclei of the trigeminal nucleus analogous with?

A

Dorsal column and anterolateral system.

91
Q

What does the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nucleus provide?

A

Motor (branchial) efferents (located closer to midline)

92
Q

What are the roots that the trigeminal nerve exits the brainstem as?

A

Motor and sensory

93
Q

Where do the sensory roots of the trigeminal nerve travel to?

A

Trigeminal ganglion

94
Q

What does the trigeminal ganglion give off?

A

3 Branches:

V1 - ophthalmic division

V2 - maxillary divison

V3 - mandibular division

95
Q

With which division does the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve travel?

A

Mandibular division

96
Q

What does the motor division of the trigeminal nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of mastication and tensor tympani (inner ear)

97
Q

Where do the branches of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?

A

V1: Superior orbital fissure

V2: Foramen rotundum

V3: Foramen ovale

98
Q

What is involved in the corneal blink reflex?

A

Sensory inputs to brainstem via CNV1.

Motor outputs to eyelid (obicularis oculi) via CNVII.

Used as a test of pontine function.

99
Q

Which nerve is the facial nerve?

A

CNVII

100
Q

What type of nerve is the facial nerve?

A

Branchial motor

Visceral efferent

Visceral sensory (taste)

Somatic sensory

101
Q

What are the two functional divisions to the facial nerve?

A

Motor (facial nerve proper) nervus intermedius: parasympathetic, taste and sensation.

102
Q

What does the motor component of the facial nerve do?

A

Branchial motor: innervates the muscles of facial expression, stapedius muscle (ear) and part of digastric muscle.

103
Q

What does the nervus intermedius component of the facial nerve do?

A

Provides information on:

Parasympathetic: lacrimal, sublingual and submandibular glands

Taste: from anterior 2/3rds of tongue and soft palate

Sensation: from a small region near the external auditory meatus.

104
Q

What are the terminal branches of the facial nerve that innervate muscle?

A

Posterior auricular

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Mandibular

Cervical

105
Q

What role does the facial nerve play in the corneal reflex?

A

It closes the eye via the temporal branch.

106
Q

What do the terminal branches of the facial nerve all pass through?

A

The parotid

107
Q

True or false: the facial nerve innervates the parotid.

A

False.

108
Q

Which cranial nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

CNVIII

109
Q

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do?

A

Hearing and balance

110
Q

What type of nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Special sensory

111
Q

Which nuclei give rise to the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and 4 vestibular nuclei.

112
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve exit the skull?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

113
Q

What is the most common cause of gradual hearing loss?

A

Acoustic neuroma

114
Q

Which cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

CNIX

115
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A

Sensory from tongue (post. 1/3), pharynx, middle ear and carotid body.

Taste: post. 1/3 of tongue

Visceral motor: PS to parotid

Motor: stylopharyngeus

116
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

117
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the skull in relation to CNX and CNXI?

A

In the jugular foramen, lateral and anterior to CNX and CNXI.

118
Q

What is the pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Exits the skull via jugular foramen and follows stylopharyngeus muscle to reach the oropharynx and the tongue.

119
Q

What are the nuclei giving rise to the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Superior and inferior ganglia (containing afferent components of the nerve).

120
Q

Which cranial nerve is Vagus?

A

CNX

121
Q

What type of nerve is Vagus?

A

Branchial motor

Visceral motor (PS)

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory (special) taste

Visceral sensory (general)

122
Q

What does vagus do?

A

Motor: to many striated muscles - soft palate, pharynx, larynx, upper oesophagus and 1 tongue muscle.

PS to many organs: from pharynx to upper abdomen

Sensory: from pharynx, larynx and oesophagus

Visceral: input from baro- and chemoreceptors of the aortic arch.

123
Q

What is the majority of Vagus’ function?

A

Autonomic

124
Q

Which pathways are involved in the gag reflex?

A

Sensory inputs: CNIX - sensory to pharynx

Motor outputs: CNX - motor to pharynx

125
Q

What is the gag reflex used to test?

A

Medulla function

126
Q

Which cranial nerve is the spinal accessory nerve?

A

CNXI

127
Q

Where is the spinal accessory nucleus?

A

In the upper 5-6 of cervical spinal cord.

128
Q

What is the course of the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Enters cranium via foramen magnum and then travels with CNX roots and exits at the jugular foramen.

129
Q

What does the spinal accessory nerve do?

A

Provides motor input to sternocleidomastoid and upper part of trapezius.

130
Q

Which cranial nerve is the hypoglossal nerve?

A

CNXII

131
Q

What type of nerve is the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Somatic motor

132
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve do?

A

Motor innervation to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus - CNX). It is the main somatic nerve to the tongue.

133
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull?

A

Hypoglossal foramen

MD1 Neuroscience (23 decks)

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