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psych 210: exam 4 > development > Flashcards

development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a zygote undifferentiated_

A

a bunch of cells that don’t have specific function

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2
Q

What is a zygote made of?

A

Egg & Sperm

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3
Q

What does a zygote produce?

A

it produces all the cells in the body

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4
Q

What is a blastula?

A

it is a ball of cells that are still unspecified

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5
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

the outer layer of the blastula

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6
Q

How many tissues does the ectoderm develop to? What kind of tissues?

A
  • develops into 2 tissues
    - skin cells
    - brain cells
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7
Q

What is the Neural tube?

A

-it contains cells that divide & turns into the Central Nervous System
- it also becomes the back

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8
Q

Where is the neural crest located?

A

Peripheral Nervous system

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9
Q

Where is the Neural tube located?

A

Central Nervous System

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10
Q

Where does our “gut” feelings reside?

A
  • the Neural Crest
    - brain controls these cells, but they have a mind of their own
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11
Q

What is the 1st stage of neural development?

A

Proliferation
- cell division occurs

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12
Q

What is the 2nd stage of neural development?

A

Migration
- results in neuroblasts

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13
Q

What are neuroblasts?

A
  • Cells that are done dividing
  • Their fate is to become neurons
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14
Q

What occurs in migration?

A
  • When each cell is done dividing, they move out
    - they keep moving until signals make it stop
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15
Q

What is the 3rd stage of neural development?

A

Differentiation
- goes on for a long time
- cell bodies create its extensions
- when neuroblasts become a neuron

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16
Q

How do target cells work?

A
  • they release neurotrophic factors
    - they are sent back to the body to notify brain about synapse
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17
Q

What kind of factors exist in target cells?

A
  • NGF (nerve growth factor)
  • BONF (brain derived neurotropic factor)
18
Q

What is the 4th stage of neural development?

A

Pruning & Cell Death

19
Q

What is pruning?

A

Pruning is when cells withdraw axons if no synapse

20
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Genetic program for cell death too little neurotrophic factor
- clean cell death

21
Q

What is the 5th stage?

A

Myelination
- occurs when things are stabilized

22
Q

What are 2 kinds of glias?

A
  • Oligodendroglia
    - only for CNS
  • Schwann Cell
    - PNS
23
Q

What makes toxins different than toxicants?

A
  • toxins are from nature
  • toxicants are human made
24
Q

What can substances do to the brain?

A
  • it can have permanent effects on it
  • effects are greater during early development
  • all stages of development are vulnerable
25
Q

What are the different windows for different development sections?

A
  • Sensory function happens first
  • motor/language happens next
  • finally, higher cognition occurs
26
Q

Where are the cell bodies located in?

A

Gray matter

27
Q

What part of a cell is in the white matter?

A

the axons

28
Q

what kind of matter is in the corpus callosum?

A

White matter

29
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • it is a huge tract
  • can be seen using transmission electron micrograph
30
Q

What is Amblyopia?

A
  • eyes out of alignment
  • dominant eye takes over
  • common in babies
    - usually wears off
31
Q

What occurs in normal eyes when axons are competing for space?

A
  • pruning occurs
    - allows each dendrite to sit in its own column
32
Q

What occurs in abnormal eyes when axons are competing for space?

A
  • opened eye takes over the closed eyes space
  • doesn’t allow dendrites to grow in closed eye
    • creates lazy eye
33
Q

What is the most common transmitter in the CNS?

A

Glutamate

34
Q

What is the AMPA receptor?

A
  • it is an ionotropic receptor
  • when it is open, it allows ions to go through
35
Q

What do you need for a strong synapse?

A
  • you need a lot of action potentials and NA+
  • you need both axon terminals/ receptors
36
Q

How can NMDA be open?

A
  • can only be opened if enough excitation from AMPA
  • also opens calcium
  • more ampa is released
  • stronger synapse
37
Q

What are the steps in NMDA coincidence detection?

A
  1. several AMPA receptors in close proximity used simultaneously results in increased depolarization
  2. NMDA opens & lens CA into the dendrite
  3. CA starts a chemical cascade that results in more AMPA receptors being put into the membrane

results in a STRONGER synapse

38
Q

How do dendrites respond to enriched environment?

A
  • create more dendrites
  • result in better performances
39
Q

What happens to rats when going from adolescence to adulthood?

A
  • loss of neurons between puberty & adulthood in medial prefrontal cortex & in amygdala
40
Q

What happens to rats and humans when going from adolescence to adulthood?

A
  • synapses are lost in prefrontal cortex
  • myelination increases
41
Q

How does the adult brain change?

A
  • proliferation in 2 brain areas only
  • increase in glias
  • no long axon growth
  • grow and prune dendrites
  • add and subtract synapses

psych 210: exam 4 (5 decks)

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