development Flashcards

1
Q

What is a zygote undifferentiated_

A

a bunch of cells that don’t have specific function

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2
Q

What is a zygote made of?

A

Egg & Sperm

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3
Q

What does a zygote produce?

A

it produces all the cells in the body

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4
Q

What is a blastula?

A

it is a ball of cells that are still unspecified

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5
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

the outer layer of the blastula

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6
Q

How many tissues does the ectoderm develop to? What kind of tissues?

A
  • develops into 2 tissues
    - skin cells
    - brain cells
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7
Q

What is the Neural tube?

A

-it contains cells that divide & turns into the Central Nervous System
- it also becomes the back

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8
Q

Where is the neural crest located?

A

Peripheral Nervous system

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9
Q

Where is the Neural tube located?

A

Central Nervous System

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10
Q

Where does our “gut” feelings reside?

A
  • the Neural Crest
    - brain controls these cells, but they have a mind of their own
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11
Q

What is the 1st stage of neural development?

A

Proliferation
- cell division occurs

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12
Q

What is the 2nd stage of neural development?

A

Migration
- results in neuroblasts

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13
Q

What are neuroblasts?

A
  • Cells that are done dividing
  • Their fate is to become neurons
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14
Q

What occurs in migration?

A
  • When each cell is done dividing, they move out
    - they keep moving until signals make it stop
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15
Q

What is the 3rd stage of neural development?

A

Differentiation
- goes on for a long time
- cell bodies create its extensions
- when neuroblasts become a neuron

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16
Q

How do target cells work?

A
  • they release neurotrophic factors
    - they are sent back to the body to notify brain about synapse
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17
Q

What kind of factors exist in target cells?

A
  • NGF (nerve growth factor)
  • BONF (brain derived neurotropic factor)
18
Q

What is the 4th stage of neural development?

A

Pruning & Cell Death

19
Q

What is pruning?

A

Pruning is when cells withdraw axons if no synapse

20
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Genetic program for cell death too little neurotrophic factor
- clean cell death

21
Q

What is the 5th stage?

A

Myelination
- occurs when things are stabilized

22
Q

What are 2 kinds of glias?

A
  • Oligodendroglia
    - only for CNS
  • Schwann Cell
    - PNS
23
Q

What makes toxins different than toxicants?

A
  • toxins are from nature
  • toxicants are human made
24
Q

What can substances do to the brain?

A
  • it can have permanent effects on it
  • effects are greater during early development
  • all stages of development are vulnerable
25
What are the different windows for different development sections?
- Sensory function happens first - motor/language happens next - finally, higher cognition occurs
26
Where are the cell bodies located in?
Gray matter
27
What part of a cell is in the white matter?
the axons
28
what kind of matter is in the corpus callosum?
White matter
29
What is the corpus callosum?
- it is a huge tract - can be seen using transmission electron micrograph
30
What is Amblyopia?
- eyes out of alignment - dominant eye takes over - common in babies - usually wears off
31
What occurs in normal eyes when axons are competing for space?
- pruning occurs - allows each dendrite to sit in its own column
32
What occurs in abnormal eyes when axons are competing for space?
- opened eye takes over the closed eyes space - doesn't allow dendrites to grow in closed eye - creates lazy eye
33
What is the most common transmitter in the CNS?
Glutamate
34
What is the AMPA receptor?
- it is an ionotropic receptor - when it is open, it allows ions to go through
35
What do you need for a strong synapse?
- you need a lot of action potentials and NA+ - you need both axon terminals/ receptors
36
How can NMDA be open?
- can only be opened if enough excitation from AMPA - also opens calcium - more ampa is released - stronger synapse
37
What are the steps in NMDA coincidence detection?
1. several AMPA receptors in close proximity used simultaneously results in increased depolarization 2. NMDA opens & lens CA into the dendrite 3. CA starts a chemical cascade that results in more AMPA receptors being put into the membrane results in a STRONGER synapse
38
How do dendrites respond to enriched environment?
- create more dendrites - result in better performances
39
What happens to rats when going from adolescence to adulthood?
- loss of neurons between puberty & adulthood in medial prefrontal cortex & in amygdala
40
What happens to rats and humans when going from adolescence to adulthood?
- synapses are lost in prefrontal cortex - myelination increases
41
How does the adult brain change?
- proliferation in 2 brain areas only - increase in glias - no long axon growth - grow and prune dendrites - add and subtract synapses