DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
Authoritarian Parenting
Strict rules, little explanation, high demands, low responsiveness. Parents expect obedience without discussion. “Because I said so.”
Higher risk for self-esteem issues since opinions aren’t heard
Authoritative Parenting
*****Shown to result in best outcome for children
Clear rules, democratic, responsive, and nurturing. Encourages assertiveness and responsibility.
More likely to become responsible adults who advocate for themselves and speak freely about opinions, good at making decisions on their own.
Permissive Parenting
Few demands, lenient, low discipline. Nurturing and communicative, but avoid confrontation. Friend role over parent role.
More likely to struggle academically and struggle behaviourally since they don’t respond well with authority and rule
Uninvolved Parenting
Few demands, low responsiveness, little communication. Detached from child’s life, may neglect needs.
More likely to struggle with self esteem, struggle academically and rank low in happiness
Nurturing (Parenting dimension)
- Affectionate and involved with children
- Responds to emotional needs
- Spends considerable time with children
- Range: From nurturing to uninvolved/hostile
Control (Parenting dimension)
- Sets and upholds standards for behavior
- Communicates standards to children
- Enforces standards consistently
- Range: From controlling to no control/failure to teach cultural standards
Authoritarian - Potential outcomes
Obedient but lacking independence, may struggle with self-esteem.
Authoritative - Potential outcomes
Independent, socially responsible, cooperative, higher self-esteem.
Permissive - Potential outcomes
Lack of self-discipline, may struggle with authority figures, lower academic achievement.
Neglectful - Potential outcomes
Emotional and behavioral issues, lack of attachment, poor academic performance.
Zygote
The initial cell formed when sperm and an egg unite during fertilization, marking the beginning of a new organism’s development.
Embryo
The developmental stage of an organism from implantation (around 2 weeks after fertilization) until the end of the 8th week of gestation, during which major organs and body structures begin to form.
Fetus
The developmental stage of an organism from the end of the embryonic stage (around 9 weeks after fertilization) until birth, characterized by the growth and refinement of existing structures.
Teratogen
Definition: Substances or environmental factors that disrupt normal embryo/fetus development.
Examples: Drugs, medications, alcohol, tobacco smoke, infections, pollutants.
Effects: Structural or functional abnormalities.
Alcohol Effects on Fetus
Facial Abnormalities: Smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small eye openings.
Growth Retardation: Low birth weight, small stature.
CNS Dysfunction: Brain structural abnormalities, impaired neurodevelopment.
Behavioral and Cognitive Impairments: Learning disabilities, attention deficits, impulsivity.
Organ Dysfunction: Heart defects, kidney abnormalities, skeletal malformations.
Lifelong Consequences: Impact on academic, social, and mental health into adulthood.
Piaget Stage 1: Sensorimotor
Birth to 2 years
Characteristics:
- Development of object permanence (understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible).
- Coordination of sensory input with motor actions.
Example: Peek-a-boo game - A baby in this stage initially believes that an object disappears when it’s out of sight. As they develop object permanence, they start to anticipate the reappearance of the hidden object, showing an understanding that it still exists even when unseen.
Piaget Stage 2: Preoperational
2 to 7 years old
Characteristics:
-Development of symbolic thinking, language, and pretend play.
-Egocentrism (difficulty seeing things from another’s perspective).
Example: Conservation tasks - A child in this stage may struggle with conservation tasks, such as understanding that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape or arrangement. For instance, they might believe that a taller glass contains more liquid than a shorter, wider glass, even if the amounts are equal.
Piaget Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage
7 to 11 years old
Characteristics:
-Mastery of conservation tasks and understanding of concrete operations.
-Ability to think logically about concrete events and objects.
Example: Seriation tasks - Children in this stage can successfully perform seriation tasks, such as arranging objects in a series based on size, weight, or other attributes. For instance, they can line up sticks from shortest to longest or arrange coins by value.
Piaget Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage
11 years old and older
Characteristics:
-Development of abstract thinking, hypothesis testing, and deductive reasoning.
-Ability to think logically about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations.
Example: Abstract problem-solving - A teenager in this stage can solve problems using abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning. For example, they can understand and solve algebraic equations or engage in moral reasoning by considering abstract ethical principles.
Securely Attached Infant
-Shows distress when caregiver leaves (separation anxiety).
-Easily comforted upon caregiver’s return.
-Uses caregiver as a secure base for exploration.
(SS) Insecure-avoidant Attachment
-Avoids contact with caregiver upon reunion.
-May ignore or actively avoid the caregiver.
(SS) Insecure-resistant (ambivalent) attachment
-Shows ambivalent behavior upon reunion.
-Desires proximity to caregiver but resists comfort.
(SS) Disorganized Attachment
-Exhibits inconsistent, contradictory, or disoriented behavior.
-Displays freezing, sudden movements, or confusion in response.
(Moral Development) Preconventional
Moral reasoning based on avoiding punishment and seeking reward.
