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Clinical Paediatric Examination > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

what are the causes of delayed motor development

A

familial
environmental
central
motor
special senses
general disorders

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2
Q

what are the environmental causes of motor delayed development

A

emotional deprivation
lack of opportunity to practice
malnutrition

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

what are the motor output causes of delayed motor development

A

spinal cord- spasticity and weakness
nerve- weakness spinal muscle atrophy
muscles- weakness muscular dystrophies, myopathies
structural- mechanical talipes CDH

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5
Q

what is the hearing test for a neonate

A

auditory response cradle
auditory brain stem evoked potentials

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6
Q

what is the hearing test for children between 6 to 18 months

A

distraction testing

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7
Q

what are the hearing test for 24-30 month old

A

performance testing

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8
Q

what is the hearing test used for 18-30 months

A

cooperative testing

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9
Q

what hearing test is used in 2-4 year old

A

speech discrimination testing

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10
Q

what hearing test can be used in children older than 4

A

pure tone audiometry

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11
Q

at any age what confirmatory tests can be used for hearing

A

oto-acoustic emissions
tympanometry

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12
Q

what causes delayed motor development- special senses

A

impair with perception of the environment- visual impairment

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13
Q

what general disorders are linked with delayed motor development

A

hypotonia
-hypothyroidism
-chronic hypoxia
connective tissue disorders

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14
Q

what causes delay in speech development

A

familial
environmental
special senses
central
twinning own language

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15
Q

what are the environmental causes of delayed speech or abnormal language development

A

emotional deprivation
pacity of spoken language at home

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16
Q

what are the causes of delayed speech- special sense

A

hearing impairment

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17
Q

what are the causes of delayed speech- central

A

global learning difficulties
autism
cerebral palsy
dysphasia

18
Q

what are the causes of delayed sphincter control

A

familial
learning difficulties
environmental
physical

19
Q

what are the causes of delayed sphincter control- physical

A

meningomyelocele
uterocele
ectopic ureter (female)
urethral valves (male)

20
Q

which children are at risk of deafness

A

history of meningitis
encephalitis
cleft palate
history of recurrent otitis media
delayed or unclear speech
cerebral palsy
parental suspicion of deafness

21
Q

what are the causes of hearing loss

A

sensorineural
hereditary
congenital
perinatal
acquired
conductive

22
Q

what are the hereditary causes of hearing loss

A

ushers syndrome- retinitis pigmentosis also leads to sight loss
pendred syndrome
jervell lange neilson syndrome
warden burg syndrome
stickler syndrome
Pierre robin anomaly

23
Q

what are the congenital causes of hearing loss

A

charge syndrome
congenital infection- CMV, rubella

24
Q

what are perinatal causes of hearing loss

A

prematurity
birth asphyxia
Ototoxic drugs
hyperbilirubinemia
cerebral palsy

25
Q

what are the acquired causes of hearing loss

A

meningitis and encaphlitis
mumps
head injury

26
Q

what are the conductive causes of hearing loss

A

Down syndrome- middle ear abnormalities
teacher collins syndrome
goldenhar syndrome
secretory otis media
wax

27
Q

what are the causes of visual defect

A

general
congenital
perinatal

28
Q

what are the general factor for visual defect

A

behavioural problems
family history of blindness, squint, or amblyopia

29
Q

what are the congenital causes of visual defects

A

congenital rubella infection
craniostenosis

30
Q

what are the perinatal causes of visual defect

A

prematurity
severe pre-eclampsia
hydrocephalus
cerebral palsy
ophthalmia neonatorum

31
Q

what are the causes of blindness

A

optic atrophy
congenital cataracts
choroidoretinal degeneration
malformation of the eye
retrolental fibroplasia
myopia
albinism
retinoblastoma
uveitis

32
Q

what are the causes of non-paralytic (concomitant) squint

A

refractive error - hypermetropia
failure to develop binocular vision
eye disease: cataracts, retinoblastoma, corneal scarring, retinopathy of prematurity

33
Q

what are the causes of a pseudo squint

A

marked epicentral folds
small or large inter pupillary distance
facial symmetry

34
Q

what is heterophoria

A

it is also known as a latent squint it is due to extrocular muscles imbalance creating potential deviation.

35
Q

what is the purpose of screening for squints

A

detect refractive problems, diagnose underlying eye disease, and prevent amblyopia (the supression of vision in a structurally and functionally normal eyes)

36
Q

what can visual impairment in children can be divided as follows:

A

cataract
optic nerve pathology
retinal pathology
trauma
albinism
glaucoma
nystagmus
delayed visual maturation
cherry red macular degeneration

37
Q

what is visual loss accompanied by before ether age of 2

A

roving eye movements
persistent hand regard
lack of blink reflex
nystagmus

38
Q

what are the three main causes of congenital cataract

A

familial
infection (rubella syphilis)
associated with prematurity

39
Q

what are the causes of optic atrophy

A

associated with CP
septa-optic dysplasia
intracranial tumours and hydrocephalus
levers hereditary optic atrophy

40
Q

what does congenital glaucoma present with

A

globe enlargement
clouding of the cornea
photophobia

Clinical Paediatric Examination (11 decks)

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