Development Flashcards
what are the causes of delayed motor development
familial
environmental
central
motor
special senses
general disorders
what are the environmental causes of motor delayed development
emotional deprivation
lack of opportunity to practice
malnutrition
what are the motor output causes of delayed motor development
spinal cord- spasticity and weakness
nerve- weakness spinal muscle atrophy
muscles- weakness muscular dystrophies, myopathies
structural- mechanical talipes CDH
what is the hearing test for a neonate
auditory response cradle
auditory brain stem evoked potentials
what is the hearing test for children between 6 to 18 months
distraction testing
what are the hearing test for 24-30 month old
performance testing
what is the hearing test used for 18-30 months
cooperative testing
what hearing test is used in 2-4 year old
speech discrimination testing
what hearing test can be used in children older than 4
pure tone audiometry
at any age what confirmatory tests can be used for hearing
oto-acoustic emissions
tympanometry
what causes delayed motor development- special senses
impair with perception of the environment- visual impairment
what general disorders are linked with delayed motor development
hypotonia
-hypothyroidism
-chronic hypoxia
connective tissue disorders
what causes delay in speech development
familial
environmental
special senses
central
twinning own language
what are the environmental causes of delayed speech or abnormal language development
emotional deprivation
pacity of spoken language at home
what are the causes of delayed speech- special sense
hearing impairment
what are the causes of delayed speech- central
global learning difficulties
autism
cerebral palsy
dysphasia
what are the causes of delayed sphincter control
familial
learning difficulties
environmental
physical
what are the causes of delayed sphincter control- physical
meningomyelocele
uterocele
ectopic ureter (female)
urethral valves (male)
which children are at risk of deafness
history of meningitis
encephalitis
cleft palate
history of recurrent otitis media
delayed or unclear speech
cerebral palsy
parental suspicion of deafness
what are the causes of hearing loss
sensorineural
hereditary
congenital
perinatal
acquired
conductive
what are the hereditary causes of hearing loss
ushers syndrome- retinitis pigmentosis also leads to sight loss
pendred syndrome
jervell lange neilson syndrome
warden burg syndrome
stickler syndrome
Pierre robin anomaly
what are the congenital causes of hearing loss
charge syndrome
congenital infection- CMV, rubella
what are perinatal causes of hearing loss
prematurity
birth asphyxia
Ototoxic drugs
hyperbilirubinemia
cerebral palsy
what are the acquired causes of hearing loss
meningitis and encaphlitis
mumps
head injury
what are the conductive causes of hearing loss
Down syndrome- middle ear abnormalities
teacher collins syndrome
goldenhar syndrome
secretory otis media
wax
what are the causes of visual defect
general
congenital
perinatal
what are the general factor for visual defect
behavioural problems
family history of blindness, squint, or amblyopia
what are the congenital causes of visual defects
congenital rubella infection
craniostenosis
what are the perinatal causes of visual defect
prematurity
severe pre-eclampsia
hydrocephalus
cerebral palsy
ophthalmia neonatorum
what are the causes of blindness
optic atrophy
congenital cataracts
choroidoretinal degeneration
malformation of the eye
retrolental fibroplasia
myopia
albinism
retinoblastoma
uveitis
what are the causes of non-paralytic (concomitant) squint
refractive error - hypermetropia
failure to develop binocular vision
eye disease: cataracts, retinoblastoma, corneal scarring, retinopathy of prematurity
what are the causes of a pseudo squint
marked epicentral folds
small or large inter pupillary distance
facial symmetry
what is heterophoria
it is also known as a latent squint it is due to extrocular muscles imbalance creating potential deviation.
what is the purpose of screening for squints
detect refractive problems, diagnose underlying eye disease, and prevent amblyopia (the supression of vision in a structurally and functionally normal eyes)
what can visual impairment in children can be divided as follows:
cataract
optic nerve pathology
retinal pathology
trauma
albinism
glaucoma
nystagmus
delayed visual maturation
cherry red macular degeneration
what is visual loss accompanied by before ether age of 2
roving eye movements
persistent hand regard
lack of blink reflex
nystagmus
what are the three main causes of congenital cataract
familial
infection (rubella syphilis)
associated with prematurity
what are the causes of optic atrophy
associated with CP
septa-optic dysplasia
intracranial tumours and hydrocephalus
levers hereditary optic atrophy
what does congenital glaucoma present with
globe enlargement
clouding of the cornea
photophobia
