Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VCE Psychology 1/2 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Adaptive behaviours

A

activity that enhances an individual’s ability to match the changing demands of their everyday life p. 244

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adolescence

A

the developmental period beginning after the onset of puberty from approximately 10 to 19 years old p. 136

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Assimilation

A

the cognitive process of incorporating new information into an existing schema p. 206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Attachment

A

a long-lasting emotional bond between two individuals p. 183

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Attachment theory

A

a theory that suggests that the bond formed between children and their primary caregivers determines the nature of the child’s emotional development into adulthood p. 183

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Concrete thinking

A

a type of thought based on knowledge acquired through personal experience which involves literal interpretations of tangible concepts p. 216

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conservation

A

the ability to understand that the properties of an object stay the same even when the object’s appearance is altered p. 215

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Critical periods

A

the narrow, rigid developmental period in which a specific skill or function must be learnt p. 177

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Difficult temperament

A

a relatively stable disposition in which infants are unhappy and have irregular sleeping and eating patterns p. 188

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Disorganised attachment

A

a style of attachment in which the infant displays problematic and unpredictable behaviours, usually due to extremely negative early life experiences p. 199

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

twins who are not identical due to variations in the genes they inherited p. 168

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Easy temperament

A

a relatively stable disposition in which infants are warm and friendly and have established sleeping and eating patterns p. 188

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Egocentrism

A

the inability to understand the perspectives of others p. 214

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Emotional development

A

the continuous, life-long development of skills which allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way p. 185

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Environmental factors

A

factors which influence development that arise from an individual’s physical and social surroundings p. 164

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

A

a theory of development proposed by Erikson in which the behaviour and personality of individuals is shaped by the desire to meet social and cultural expectations p. 225

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Frontal lobe development

A

the growth and neural maturation of the frontal lobe p. 137

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Genetics

A

the unique, cellular makeup of each individual which is inherited from biological parents p. 187

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Goal-directed behaviour

A

the ability to behave in a way which meets the demands of a goal that has been purposefully set out p. 213

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hereditary factors

A

factors which influence development that are genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring p. 164

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Infancy

A

the developmental period from birth until one years old p. 136

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Insecure-anxious attachment

A

a style of attachment in which the infant may be reluctant to or avoid contact from their primary caregiver, usually formed due to a lack of responsiveness to their needs p. 198

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Insecure-avoidant attachment

A

a style of attachment in which the infant fluctuates between clinging to and rejecting their primary caregiver, usually due to the caregiver inconsistently meeting the infant’s needs p. 198

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Maturation

A

the biologically programmed changes which facilitate development from conception through to adulthood p. 175

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

twins who are identical due to inheriting the exact same genes p. 168

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nature versus nurture debate

A

a debate which questions whether development is dependent on hereditary (nature) or environmental (nurture) factors p. 163

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Object permanence

A

the understanding that an object still exists when it is unable to be seen, heard, or touched p. 213

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Psychological development

A

an individual’s changes across multiple domains, including the life-long growth across emotional, cognitive and social domains p. 163

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Reversibility

A

the understanding that objects can experience change and then return to their original form p. 214

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Schema

A

a mental representation of a concept developed through experience p. 206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Secure attachment

A

a style of attachment formed by a strong emotional bond between the infant and their primary caregiver due to the caregiver consistently meeting the needs of the infant p. 198

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sensitive periods

A

the optimal developmental period for a specific function or skill to be learnt p. 177

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

a more sophisticated type of thought based on the ability to represent concepts, draw conclusions, and understand hypothetical constructs p. 216

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Temperament

A

the relatively stable disposition of an individual, including the typical behaviours and emotions they express p. 188

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Accomodation

A

in Piaget’s theory, changing a

pre-existing mental idea to fit new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Adaptation

A

in Piaget’s theory, taking in, processing,
organising and using new information in ways to
adjust to change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Addiction

A

a condition in which someone feels a
recurring urge to use a substance or engage in an
activity despite potentially harmful consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Adoption Study

A

research using children who have
been adopted (and therefore have no genetic
similarity to their adoptive parents); compare with
twins study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Animism

A

in Piaget’s theory, the belief that everything

which exists has some kind of consciousness

40
Q

Anxiety

A

a state of arousal involving unpleasant
feelings of apprehension or uneasiness that something
is wrong or something bad is about to happen

41
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

a mental disorder characterised by
persistent feelings of tension, distress, nervousness
and apprehension or fear about the future, with a
negative effect

42
Q

Atypical behaviour

A

when the individual acts in ways
that are unusual for them; compare with typical
behaviour

43
Q

Atypical development

A

development that differs in a
significant way from what is usual or appropriate;
compare with typical development

44
Q

Autonomy

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense
of being able to act independently and the feelings
of self-control, self-confidence, self-reliance and
competence which accompany this

45
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

a way of describing and
explaining how biological, psychological and
social factors combine and interact to influence
an individual’s behaviour and mental processes;
sometimes called the biopsychosocial approach
or theory

46
Q

Catastrophic thinking

A

negative thinking in which an
object or situation is perceived as being far more
threatening, dangerous or insufferable than it really is
and will result in the worst possible outcome

47
Q

Centration

A

in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive ability to
focus on only one quality or feature of an object or
event at a time

48
Q

Classification

A

in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive ability
to organise objects or events into categories based
on common features that set them apart from other
categories

49
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

A

a ‘talking
therapy’ based on the assumption that the way people
feel and behave is largely a product of the way they
think

50
Q

Cognitive distortion

A

an inaccurate thought, belief

or attitude

51
Q

Delusion

A

a fixed, false belief that is held with absolute
certainty, even when there is strong factual evidence
that does not support it

52
Q

Depression

A

lasting and continuous, deeply sad mood

or loss of pleasure

53
Q

Despair

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense that

their life has been meaningless and empty

54
Q

Dopamine reward system

A

a neural pathway in the brain

that, when stimulated, results in pleasurable effects

55
Q

Doubt

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s lack of
belief in their capabilities to do something well, to
control themselves and the world in which they live

56
Q

Generativity

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s
concern with others beyond their immediate family,
specifically, future generations, and the nature of the
society and world in which those generations will live

57
Q

Guilt

A

in Erikson’s theory, a negative feeling formed
by an individual when something they have done or
want to do is considered ‘wrong’

58
Q

Hallucination

A

a perceptual experience during which
the individual sees, hears, feels, tastes or smells
something that is not actually present in reality

59
Q

Idealistic thinking

A

in Piaget’s theory, comparing
oneself and others to a perfect standard and striving
towards being like that ideal

60
Q

Identity

A

in Erikson’s theory, the overall image an

individual has of themself

61
Q

Industry

A

in Erikson’s theory, the sense of being busy,

productive and a competent worker

62
Q

Inferiority

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s
feelings of being less adequate than others in their
achievements, skills and abilities

63
Q

Initiative

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s ability to
plan, think for themself and carry out various kinds
of activities with purpose

64
Q

Integrity

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense
of satisfaction with their achievements in life and
a belief that the experiences and events in one’s
life have been useful, valuable, meaningful and
worthwhile

65
Q

Intimacy

A

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to share with
and care about another person without fear of losing
oneself in the process

66
Q

Isolation

A

in Erikson’s theory, the sense of being

alone without anyone to share one’s life with or care for

67
Q

Mania

A

an elevated mood involving intense elation

or irritability

68
Q

Mental disorder

A

a mental health state that involves a
combination of thoughts, feelings and/or behaviours
which impair the ability to function effectively in
everyday life; also called psychological disorder or
mental illness

69
Q

Mental health

A

a state of wellbeing in which an
individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope
with the normal stresses of life, can work productively
and is able to make a contribution to his or her
community

70
Q

Mental health problem

A

a mental health concern that
interferes with functioning but is usually less severe
and of a shorter duration than a mental health disorder

71
Q

Mentally healthy

A

being in a generally positive state
of mental wellbeing, having the ability to cope with
and manage life’s challenges, working productively,
striving to fulfil one’s goals and potential, and having
a sense of connection to others and the community
in general

72
Q

Mistrust

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense
of the world as unreliable and unpredictable, which
makes them anxious, insecure, fearful and suspicious

73
Q

Mood disorder

A

a mental disorder involving a
disabling disturbance in emotional state, from the
extreme sadness of depression to the extreme elation
of mania

74
Q

Negative symptom

A

a symptom of a psychotic disorder
that is characterised by the absence or elimination of
certain thoughts, feelings or behaviours

75
Q

Perpetuating risk factor

A

in the 4P Factor model, a risk
factor that maintains or prolongs the occurrence of a
specific mental disorder

76
Q

Phobia

A

excessive, persistent and unreasonable fear of

an object or situation

77
Q

Positive symptom

A

a symptom of a psychotic disorder
that occurs in addition to how the individual usually
thinks, feels or behaves

78
Q

Precipitating risk factor

A

in the 4P Factor model, a risk
factor that increases susceptibility to and contributes
to the occurrence of specific mental disorder

79
Q

Predisposing risk factor

A

in the 4P Factor model, a risk
factor that increases susceptibility to or vulnerability
to developing a mental disorder

80
Q

Pre-operational stage

A

the second stage in Piaget’s
theory (2–7 years) when children become increasingly
able to mentally represent objects and experiences

81
Q

principle of readiness

A

in developmental psychology,
inability to perform a behaviour development on
maturation until the necessary bodily structures are
sufficiently developed

82
Q

Protective factor

A

in the 4P Factor model, enhances and
safeguards mental health, and reduces the likelihood
that a mental disorder will develop or re-occur;
compare with risk factor

83
Q

psychosocial crisis

A

in Erikson’s theory, a social
dilemma or problem an individual faces in adjusting
to society involving a struggle between two opposing

84
Q

psychosocial development

A

in Erikson’s theory, change
involving both psychological processes taking place
within the individual (‘psycho’) and their experiences
with other people (‘social’)

85
Q

Reversibility

A

in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive ability
to mentally follow a sequence of events or line of
reasoning back to its starting point

86
Q

risk factor

A

in the 4P Factor model, increases the
likelihood that a mental disorder will develop, or
increase in severity or duration when it occurs, or
will hinder recovery from a disorder; compare with
protective factor

87
Q

Role confusion

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s
sense of not knowing who they are, where they
belong, to whom they belong or where they are
headed in life

88
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

the first stage in Piaget’s theory
(0–2 years), when infants explore and learn about
the world primarily through their senses and motor
activities

89
Q

Shame

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense of

humiliation and embarrassment

90
Q

Stagnation

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense
of feeling bored, inactive, overly concerned with their
own personal needs and comforts and their lack of
personal growth

91
Q

symbolic thinking

A

in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive
ability to use symbols such as words and pictures to
represent objects that are not physically present

92
Q

Trust

A

in Erikson’s theory, an individual’s sense of the

world as a safe, caring, orderly and predictable place

93
Q

two-hit hypothesis

A

an explanation of schizophrenia
in terms of two events — genetic vulnerability
and environmental stress — that must occur in
that order

94
Q

typical behaviour

A

when an individual’s behaviour
occurs as it usually does at most times; compare with
atypical behaviour

95
Q

typical development

A

when development proceeds as
is usual or appropriate when compared with others
of the same age, sex or culture; compare with atypical
development

VCE Psychology 1/2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions