development Flashcards
define gross domestic product
the total value of goods and services produced within a year
state one feature of colonialism
expansion of a country into a new territory + exploitation of ethnic minority by colonial power
state one feature of colonialism
expansion of a country into a new territory + exploitation of ethnic minority by colonial power
define infant mortality rate
number of people who die before their 1st bday
state two components that make up the HDI
Income per capita - GNI
life expectancy
educations - number of years in school
define the term development
the term development can be defined as a process of change that improves peoples quality of life
HDI score for emerging countries
between 0.5 and 0.799
state one reason why countries choose to trade with other countries
- generate income
- maybe able to supply a product unavailable in another
- cheaper to import then make themselves
define the term periphery
parts of a country outside the more developed core region = power areas of a country
state one characteristic of a top-down development project
expensive
large-scale
ways to measure development
GDP - indicate income levels
HDI - indicate quality of life
explain how HDI measures health of a population
measures life expectancy = which is the average number of years a person is expected to live = gives an indication of the level of access to health services = higher life expectancy means a healthier population
explain one way in which topography affects economic development
steep relief of mountainous areas makes construction of transport routes difficult = reduces trade
areas which are flat often attractive to FDI + industrial development = creates jobs
mountainous areas have thin soils = growing crops more difficult = makes it harder for population to earn an income
explain one disadvantage of top-down development
local needs not considered = for examples three gorges dam in china forced 1.3 million locals out of their home = breaking up communities = lead to resentment = lead to riots
expensive = which requires external borrowing of large amounts of money = leads to debt problems
explain one advantage of top down projects
investment creates jobs = increased spending power supports other services
successful delivery of large projects enhance reputation of country = attracting further investment by other foreign companies
explain now way in which HDI measures development
measures GDP = which is a measure of economic development
measures health of population = using life expectancy
explain why infant mortality rates vary between countries
infant mortality rates falls as GDP rises = because wealthier countries can afford more doctors per person
explain one advantage and disadvantage of top -down projects in terms of PROMOTION OF DEVELOPMENT
advantage = creates jobs = more disposable income = more spending on local economy = leads to rapid economic development
disadvantage = high costs = lead to government spending more money paying off debts than spending on educations/healthcare
suggest one way the physical environment might influence the GDP of countries
some countries may have less fertile soil = unable to grow cash crops
amount of rainfall may be higher in some countries = allowing more crops to grow = increasing profits
explain two advantages of using community-led projects to address uneven distribution
the aims of the project are more likely to meet the needs of local people = because members of the community were involved in planning/ lack of gov interference
low set up costs / cheap = which means that these schemes are often quick to start up
describe the impact of top-down development projects on two different groups of people
local inhabitants forced to migrate = displaced
electricity produced has benefited local industry
increase in jobs = increase in spending = increase in tax = good for government
other than income identify one way of measuring differences in economic development
infrastructure differences
unemployment rates
other than income identify one way of measuring differences in economic development
infrastructure differences
unemployment rates
explain how rostows modernisation theory helps us understand how countries develop
- shows how countries develop over time as income rises
- countries need to meet pre-conditions forsake off before they begin to industrialise. eg educated workforce = development then rises rapidly = as countries develop secondary sector and services
- growth slows down when countries reach stage 4/5
- some countries don’t achieve this = they stall and fall backwards
how could a landlocked country be a barrier to development
makes imports/exports harder = as trade flows depend on co-operation of another country = increase costs to a business
how can health problems be a barrier to development
high healthcare costs, money that could be spent elsewhere. eg education = reduces number of healthy people in a workforce = restrict business development
how can population growth be a barrier to economic development
high number of young people = higher education and healthcare costs = money could be spent elsewhere eg. infastructure
