Development Flashcards
Development
Means becoming better, stronger, more advanced.
Indicators
Information and statistics that tells us about the level of development of a country.
Standard of living
Amount of wealth and access to resources that people have.
Quality of life
How good a persons life is/ the level of comfort that person has.
Infrastructure
Installations such as roads, bridges, sewers, railways etc.
Basic needs
Things people need to live eg food, clothing, clean water and housing.
Deplete
Reduce resources, often to a level where they don’t recover.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
Total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year.
GDP per capita
Gross Domestic Product divided by the total population of a country. (The average amount of money available to be spent on each person in the country.)
Adult literacy rate
The percentage of adult population (>15) who can read and write.
HDI (human development index)
Measures well being and compares the level of development of different countries.
Life expectancy
The average number of years a person in a particular country is expected to live.
What does MEDC stand for?
More economically developed country.
What does LEDC stand for?
Less economically developed country.
What are some characteristics of MEDC?
- High level of development.
- High standard of living.
- Good literacy.
- Low death rate.
- Low birth rate.
What are some characteristics of LEDC?
- Low level of development.
- Poor standard of living.
- Poor literacy.
- High DR.
- High BR.
What are the 3 main aspects of development?
Economic aspects.
Social aspects.
Environmental aspects.
What are the economic aspects of development?
How wealthy a country is.
What is an example of an economic indicator?
Per capita income.
What is per capita income?
The average amount of money that a person earns per year.
How do LEDCs earn most of their income?
From primary activities.
How do MEDCs earn most of their income?
From secondary or retired activities.
What do social aspects of development include?
Quality of life, access to social services, infrastructure and access to basic needs.
What social aspects do MEDC have?
Strong democracies, personal freedom, and their people have basic human rights (racial and gender equality).
What are the environmental aspects of development?
How countries use their resources.
How should development be environmentally?
Environmentally sustainable-causes little long-term damage to the environment and leaves enough resources for future generations.
What are used to measure development?
Social, economic and environmental indicators.
What are some reasons why GDP per capita doesn’t improve in certain countries?
Wars Rapid population growth Paying off debts Lack of resources for development Natural + human disasters
What is the most commonly used statistic for measuring development?
The human development index (HDI)
Why does the HDI give a more balanced picture of the level of development?
It combines a few indicators, therefor giving a more balanced picture of the level of development.
What does the human development index measure?
It measures well-being and compares the level of development of different countries.
Which indicators does HDI use?(3)
Life expectancy, Eduction, GDP per capita.
What type of indicator is life expectancy?
Social
What type of indicator is eduction?
Social
What type of indicator is GDP per capita?
Economic.
What numbers indicate what the HDI is?
An HDI of 0 indicates the worst possible quality of life, and a rating of 1 indicates the best.
Why is life expectancy one of the best social indicators?
It is influenced by factors such as level of nutrition and standard of health services in a country.
Why has LE improved in MEDCs the last 50 years?
Improvement in medicines and medical treatment.
Why has LE dropped in some LEDCs?
Diseases such as AIDS and Malaria.
What do good education systems produce?
Well-qualified people who can use their skills to make good use of resources, start industries and generally to increase the level of development of the country.
Why would the level of eduction be bad in some countries?
Overcrowded schools, children have to leave school to find work, some countries girls are denied education.
What does GDP stand for?
Gross Domestic product.
What does per capita mean?
Per person: divided by total population.
What currency is GDP per capita given in?
US dollars.
How do you work out GDP per capita?
Divide total GDP by the total population.
Why is GDP as an indicator misleading?
- High incomes don’t guarantee high levels of development.
- Cost of living varies from country to country.
- Size of population.
Exploiting
Using something that belongs to another person for your own benefit.
Colonialism
Policy of taking over political control of another country occupying it with settlers and exploiting its resources.
Trade deficit
Amount by which the cost of imports exceeds the value of exports.
Trade barriers
Measures that make it more difficult for other countries to export their products into the country that imposes these trade barriers.
Subsidies
Money paid by the government to local farmers or suppliers to make their prices lower and sharper than imported goods.
Trade tariffs
Taxes added to prices of imported goods, making them more expensive so that they don’t sell as easy as local goods.
Embargoes
Laws preventing a particular country from selling goods to the country passing the laws.
Industrialization
A country changes from being a producer of primary goods to being a manufacturer of products in large factories.
What are some reasons for differences in development?
Historical, political, economic, or associated with education, heath and welfare.
When did colonialism occur?
1400s continue into the 1900s.
What often occurred when a country took over political control of another country?
They often exploited its resources.
What did countries exploiting the resources of the country they colonized result in?
Increased level of development of the colonic power, but opposite effect on the colony.
What have countries learnt? (Trade)
How to use new resources and have made an income by selling their surplus resources leading to an increase in wealth and development of countries.
When does trade imbalance occur?
When the income received from exports does not equal the cost of imports.
When does a trade deficit occur?
When the value of imports is greater than the value of exports.
What might the country have to do if they have a trade deficit?
May need to take a loan to pay the difference.
Why are trade barriers created?
To protect their own industries and this affects countries that want to sell goods to them.
What are examples of unfair trade practices?(3)
Subsides, trade tariffs and embargoes.
What does fair trade encourage?
Importers in developed countries to pay higher prices for imports from developing countries.
What is the best example of industrialization?
Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century.
Why did many of the First Nations to become industrialized move into new areas? (Like information technology)
Negative environmental impacts (air, water pollution) caused by industries.
Who are now some of the worlds biggest manufacture?
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa. (BRICS)
What are NICs?
Newly industrialized countries.
What’s happened to the countries that have industrialized and use advance technology?
The living standards of the population have improved a great deal.
What indicators does HDI not use?
Environmental.
