Development

Question 1

Why measure development

Answer 1

1. For countries to follow other countries who are set a good standard
2. To compare countries
3. Track and measure progress (whether policies are successful) – policy guide
4. Decide if countries are deserving of aid
5. To establish government priority (do they need improve infrastructure or education)

Question 2

How is development measured?

Answer 2

1. Collect inform of lots of different aspects

Single Indicators and Composite Indicators

Question 3

Discuss single indicators

Answer 3

single indicators -- Focus on one aspect of dimensional that can provide insight into whether a country is economically 
• Such as:
◦ Birth rate
◦ Gini coefficient
◦ Life expectancy
◦ Good health

Question 4

Dicuss Composite Indicators

Answer 4

• Compound indicators are also used
• looks at a culmination of several single indicators  and creates an overall measure from that (examples. Include)
◦ Human development index (HDI)
◦ Gender Development index (GDI)
◦ Gender Inequality index (GII)
◦ Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

Question 5

Why are single indicators limited in measuring development

Answer 5

• Economic development is multidimensional
• there is no agreement about what the best indicator is
◦ While single indicators are good, we need compound indicators to get a good. view of the whole picture

Question 6

Define Economic development

Answer 6

Process where an increase in real output per capita and incomes accompanied by improvements in standards of living of the populations and reduction in poverty, increased access to goods and services that satisfy basic needs, improved gender equality, increased employment opportunities and reduction of unemployment, and reduction of serious inequalities in incomes and wealth

Question 7

Discuss the assumptions about GNI and Economic growth

Answer 7

• One would assume higher GNI would mean high economic development,
however, this isn’t always the case, there are inconsistencies.
Zambia’s GNI per capita in US$ PPP in 2017 was 3900, and. Burundi’s GNID per capita in US$ PPP in 2017 was 730, these countries having some of the lowest in the world one of the lowest in the world. (Note Zambia’s GDP IN 2017 was also low 25.87 billion USD (2017)
However, Countries like Zambia, and Burundi have high primary enrolments and literacy rates despite having low GNI per capita.
— Elaborate on free vaccination for under in Zambia also

• US has high GNI per capita has inadequate among low income and marginalized groups —- whilst Burundi, a country with a low GNI per capita has a good provision of public health

Question 8

Why are GNI and GDP limited

Answer 8

• May take into account income poverty but not human poverty (factors that contribute to the wellbeing of a people – etc social, political and environmental needs)

Question 9

Why are Composite Indicators limited

Answer 9

3. Compound indicators
   • sometimes provide conflicting perspective —
   • Human development index
   • Inequality Human development index
   • Also limited because people cannot agree on which factors carry the most importance — thus are subjective

Question 10

State one limitation with regards to gathering information of Single and Composite indicators

Answer 10

Other limitation
1. Constraints to data collection process
• some countries don’t have capacity to collect data
• Data may not always be accurate — estimated
• Variables and methods may vary in data collection process from country to country.

Question 11

Relationship between Economic growth and development

Answer 11

Economic development can occur in the absense of economic growth and vice versa

Question 12

Compare Haiti and the Dominican Republic (Gini Coeficient)

Answer 12

In 2019, Haiti had a gini cofficient on 0.41 and the Dominican Republic had a gini coefficient of 0.43.

1) Haiti is in fact the most unequal country in Latin America and the Caribbean: the richest 20% of its population holds more than 64% of its total wealth, while the poorest 20% hold hardly 1%. But the biggest inequality is geographical - between cities and the countryside.
2) Dominican Republic suffers from marked income inequality; the poorest half of the population receives less than one-fifth of GNP, while the richest 10% enjoys nearly 40% of national income.

Question 13

Compare Expected years of Schooling Haiti and the Dominican Republic in 2019

Answer 13

In Haiti, the expected years of School were 9.7, and Dominican Republic it was 14.2

1) Haiti’s education system is low because of High dropout rates, a High number of students repeating grades as well as Linguistic barriers
2) In the Dominican Republic, one of the factors behind this poor showing in education is the poor quality of teaching. The teachers in the State system are not well trained, they are overloaded with work and badly paid, and in order for them to earn a minimum acceptable salary, they have to do so many classroom hours they have little time to prepare the courses.

Question 14

Compare Haiti and the Dominican Republic (GDP per Capita)

Answer 14

Haiti GDP per capita was 1,050.00 in 2019, far less than Dominican Republic
which was 7,268.20.

Question 15

Compare Haiti and the Dominican Republic (HDI index)

Answer 15

Haiti’s in 2019 was 0.510

Dominan republics was 0.756

Discuss political instability in Haiti