Development Flashcards
Normal, Atypical and Premature Infants
what are the basic tenants of Maturational Theory?
- development occurs in a cephalocaudal direction
- development occurs in a proximal-distal direction
- development of one motor skill leads to the development of another
- motor milestones are invariant in their sequence
- motor skills develop from gross to fine
- motor skills progresses from reflexive to voluntary
- total response before localized response
- cephalic control before caudal control
what is the dynamic systems theory?
holistic approach to understanding human motor development
assumes that the individual functions as a complex, dynamic system comprising many subsystems and that there is an innate organization that occurs between complex particles that is directed by no one system
Kinesiology Concepts NDT
- Physiologic flexion
- Antigravity extension
- Antigravity flexion
- Lateral flexion
- Rotation
- Asymmetry
- Symmetry
- Controlled asymmetry
Kinesiology concepts NDT → rotation-dissociation
- rotation requires balanced control of flexion and extension and dissociation between body segments
- dissociation is the breaking up of the mass pattern, it is the ability to separate movement in one body part from associated movement in another
- examples
- eyes-head
- head-trunk
- hand-elbow
what is gestation?
a period of time during which an embryo develops in the mother’s womb
- most radical change in human existence
- a single cell grows into a complex and functional human being within 37-42 weeks
- divided into 3 periods
what are the 3 periods of gestation?
- First trimester → weeks 1-12
- all major body systems are established
- Second trimester → weeks 13-26
- body proportions grow to newborn proportions
- Third trimester → weeks 27-40
- body weight triples and body length doubles
- body fat accumulates which aids in body temp regulation
- at 36 weeks, lungs are developed
describe early prenatal movement
- fetal movement is seen around 7-8 weeks gestation
- at 9 weeks, some jerky, startle type movement
- there are both gross and fine movements, random and coordinated patterns
- fetal movements may have the purpose of preventing stasis and adhesions and preparing the fetus for birth
T/F: fetal movements may have diagnostic or predictive value
TRUE
the quality of fetal movement provides an indicator of the chronic neurological condition of the fetus
list some atypical development characteristics
- abnormal tone
- exaggerated, prolonged reflex behavior
- absense of normal reflexes
- flexion and extension are not balanced
- persistence of asymmetry
- Lack of:
- variability, variety, and frequency of spontaneous movement
- adaptability
- antigravity control
- dissociation, rotation
- controlled weight shifts
- elongation on WBing side w/lateral flexion on WBing side
- poor proximal stability w/decreased ability to move against gravity
- prolonged fixing or limiting DOF due to poor underlying control
- abnormal postural alignment
- poor coordination and control of movement
what is considered a premature birth?
less than 38 weeks
describe the physiologic characteristics of a newborn
- head proportionally larger with short LEs
- kyphotic, horizontal ribs
- ROM differences:
- excessive DF
- 30º flexion contractures at hips and knees
- Physiological flexion
newborn positions
- supine
- prone
- supported sit
newborn characteristics in supine
- head rotated
- rooting reflex
- neonatal neck righting
newborn characteristics in supported sit
- fleeting attempts to lift head
- back rounded but pelvis perpendicular
newborn characteristics in prone
- weight bearing through upper trunk, shoulders, head
- lifts head to clear airway
Newborn UE positioning
- hands open as arms abduct
- hand movement related to arm movement
- strong grasp but hand loosely flexed at rest
- resting posture - slight shoulder adduction, elbow flexion, elbow pronation
Newborn LE positioning
- vigorous, rhythmical reciprocal kicking
- automatic standing and stepping
- biomechanical aspects:
- medial femoral torsion
- femoral anteversion
- femoral bowing
- femoral coxz
- valga
- shallow acetabulum
- genu varum
- tibia varum
- tibial torsion
- calcaneal varus
- forefoot varus
- occassional metatarsal adductus
newborn vision
- easiest to fixate on a moving object Laterally and Vertically
- prefer strong constrasts
- best at 8-9 inches away
describe the physiologic characteristics of 1-2 month year old
- decrease in physiologic flexion
- relative hypotonia and asymmetry
- beginning of active postural control
- increased alertness and visual awareness
- more purposeful head movement
1-2 month positions
- prone
- supine
- supported sit
- supported stand
1-2 month characteristics in prone
- better head lift → momentarily to 45º
- elbows behind shoulders
- increased head/neck extensors muscles with less WS forward on the face and shoulders
- decreased hip flexion
1-2 month characteristics in supine
- increased cervical rotation with movement of extremities away from the body
- ATNR may appear
- head rarely in midline
1-2 months characteristics in supported sit
- begin to see scapular adduction to assit with head lift
- during pull to sit
- head lags but may see grasp reflex
- traction response with elbow flexion
1-2 months characteristics in supported standing
- Atasia abasia
- motor incoordination for standing and walking