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Special Populations > Autism > Flashcards

Autism Flashcards

1
Q

What is Autism (ASD)?

A

a range of complex neurodevelopmental disorders

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2
Q

How is Autism Characterized?

A
  1. social impairments
  2. communication difficulties
  3. restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviors
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3
Q

How common is Autism?

A

present in 1/68 to 1/50 children

more common in males

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4
Q

ASD Etiology

A

no one etiology → genetic predisposition with environmental interactions

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5
Q

list several genetic conditions associated with autism

A
  1. Tuberous sclerosis
  2. Fragile X
  3. Prader-Willi
  4. Angleman
  5. Down syndrome
  6. Moebius
  7. Charge
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6
Q

List brain abnormalities associated with ASD

A
  1. underconnectivity
  2. decreased cortical thickness
  3. glial inflammation
  4. decreased Purkinje cells
  5. dysfunction of mirror neurons
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7
Q

Describe the symptom of:

Marked Impairment to Communication

A
  1. delay in, or total lack of development of spoken language
  2. impaired ability to initiate/sustain conversation
  3. stereotyped and/or repetitive use of language
  4. idiosyncratic language
  5. Pitch, intonation, rate, rhythm, stress abnormal
  6. comprehension often very delayed
  7. lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play
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8
Q

Describe the symptom:

marked impairment of social interaction

A
  1. reciprocity and awareness of others impaired
  2. no interest in establishing friends
  3. lack of understanding social conventions
  4. lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment or interests with others
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9
Q

describe the symptom:

markedly restricted repertoire of activities and interests

A
  1. encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest
  2. increased adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals
  3. stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms
  4. repetitively mimicking actions
  5. insistence on sameness
  6. resistance/distress over trivial changes
  7. highly attached to some inanimate objects
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10
Q

List associated features of Autism

A
  1. intellectual deficits
  2. cognitive skills uneven
  3. hyperactivity
  4. short attention span
  5. impulsivity
  6. aggressiveness, self-injurious behavior, tantrums
  7. abnormalities of mood/affect
  8. eating or sleep abnormalities
  9. oversensitivity to sensory stimuli
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11
Q

________ are the defining features of Autism

A

social impairments

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12
Q

list motor impairments in infants/toddlers with Autism

A
  1. delayed acquisition of motor skills w/tendency for asymmetry
  2. delayed UE skills
  3. may see unusual postures, rocking, arm flapping
  4. waddling gait
    • lack of heel toe and reciprocal arm swing

*

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13
Q

describe several delayed UE skills in infants and toddlers with Autism

A

All of the following may be delayed

  1. reaching and grasping
  2. clapping
  3. pointing
  4. playing with blocks and puzzles
  5. turning door knobs
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14
Q

describe motor impairments associated with Autism that are observed in childhood

A
  1. ataxic or parkinsonian gait
  2. poor UE and LE coordination
    1. including bilateral coordination and visuomotor coordination
  3. poor manual dexterity
  4. motor stereotypes
  5. poor feedback and feedforward control
  6. impairments in imitation and praxis
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15
Q

what is SMD?

A

Sensory Modulation Disorder

  • difficulties in regulating and organizing the nature and intensity of behaviors in response to specific domains of sensory input
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16
Q

List the 3 categories of SMD

A
  1. Under-responsive
  2. Over-responsive
  3. Sensation Seeking

AND a 4th kind of Mixed

17
Q

What does the Dunn Model of Sensory Processing say?

A

Atypical responses to sensory stimulation can be sub-classified based on neurological threshold and corresponding behavioral responses to stimuli

18
Q

what are the 2 sub-classifications in the Dunn Model of Sensory Processing?

A
  1. Low Neurological threshold
  2. High Neurological threshold
19
Q

describe the low neurological threshold

A

sensory sensitive or sensory avoiding since they are more sensitive to stimuli

20
Q

describe the high neurological threshold

A

low registration or sensory seeking since they require higher intensity or frequency of input to register the sensation

21
Q

which threshold is more correlated with deficiencies in competence?

A

Low neurological threshold

22
Q

What outcome measures can be used to screen for ASD?

A
  1. M-CHAT
  2. Sensory Profile
23
Q

what is Sensory Integration therapy (SI)?

A

a program of intervention involving meaningful therapeutic activities characterized by enhanced sensation, active participation and adaptive interaction

24
Q

which senses does SI therapy especially focus on?

A
  1. tactile
  2. vestibular
  3. proprioceptive
25
Q

T/F: SI therapy can be considered a neurological process that organizes sensation from one’s own body and from the environment and makes it possible to use the body effectively within the environment

A

TRUE

26
Q

Describe some PT treatment strategies for ASD

A
  1. Use of visual supports
  2. Picture cards
  3. activity schedules
    1. provide order, predictability, and alleviates anxiety
27
Q

Interventions for hyposensitivity

A
  1. provide activities that are rich in tactile input
  2. provide activities that provide deep pressure input to joint and muscle sensory receptors
  3. provide activities rich in vestibular input
28
Q

give examples of activities rich in tactile input

A
  1. tactile books
  2. sand
  3. water
  4. macaroni
  5. textured toys
29
Q

give examples of activity that provide deep pressure input to joints and muscles

A
  1. jumping
  2. pushing
  3. pulling
  4. lifting
  5. carrying
  6. tight hugs
  7. compressive clothes
30
Q

give examples of activities that provide vestibular input

A
  1. swinging
  2. rocking
  3. rolling
  4. spinning
31
Q

T/F: treatments should be passively applied

A

FALSE

should be active, related to function (if possible), and closely monitored for AE

32
Q

what are sensory diets?

A

planned and scheduled sensory activities developed by the therapist and carried out by the patient or family

33
Q

how can SI therapy assist with hypersensitivity?

A

engaging in planned, controlled, and specific sensory activities on a regular basis may lead to improved tolerance to sensory input which may lead to decreased sensory defensiveness

34
Q

how are activities for hypersensitivity different from hyposensitivity?

A

activities and tasks may look similar

BUT
they differ in duration

35
Q

how often should tactile, vestibular and proprioceptive input be provided?

A

on a regular and consistent basis

36
Q

T/F: unexpected light touch or quick movements can help decrease hypersensitivity

A

FALSE

should avoid them

sensory input should be firm, predictable and smooth

37
Q

what can assist with creating a calm state in hypersensitivity?

A

bland environments

deep pressure

38
Q

what is a Brushing program and how may it help with hypersensitivity?

A

surgical scrub brush firmly and rhythmically applied down arms, legs, and back 5-10x (going in the direction of the hair) followed by joint compression

6-10x daily

39
Q

how can vibration be used in hypersensitivity?

A

provides artificial proprioception

may temporarily decrease hypersensitivity

Special Populations (26 decks)

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