Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MRCPCH Clinicals > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primitive reflexes?

A

Moro, grasp, rooting, stepping, asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the postural reflexes?

A

Labyrinthine righting, postural support, lateral propping, parachute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three types of cerebral palsy in order of how common they are?

A

Spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes a concomitant squint?

A

Refractive error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes a divergent squint?

A

Paralysis of the motor nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa

A

1% females, <0.5% males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lifetime prevalence of bulimia nervosa

A

2% females, 0.5% males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lifetime prevalence of binge eating disorder

A

3.5% females, 2% males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Risk factors for eating disorders

A 
Exposure to ideally thin body image
Rapid weight loss due to dieting
FH of eating disorder, mental health issues
Obsessional, perfectionist personality
Comorbid mental health issue
Certain sports e.g. ballet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is superior mesenteric artery syndrome?

A

Seen in referring, due to compression of the SMA as it is no longer protected by a fat pad. Presents with abdominal pain, feeling of fullness, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the global prevalence of ADHD?

A

5% of children, 2.5% adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Risk factors for ADHD?

A

Parental ADHD
Maternal cigarette and alcohol use during pregnancy
Low birthweight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD?

A 
Inattention
Hyperactivity and impulsivity
Present before 12y
Impairs functioning
Present in at least 2 settings
Not explained by another disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 main medications used in ADHD?

A

Dexamphetamine or methylphenidate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mechanisms of action of dexamphetamine and methylphenidate?

A

Increase extracellular synaptic dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Side effects of stimulant use in ADHD?

A

Anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, social and emotional withdrawal, priapism, emotional lability, occasional psychosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can be used instead of stimulants in ADHD if the parents want a non-stimulant medication?

A

Atomoxetine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of atomoxetine?

A

Highly selective inhibitor of the presynaptic noradrenaline transporter - increases extracellular noradrenaline and dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is clonidine useful in ADHD?

A

Where there is comorbid tic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of clonidine?

A

Alpha-2 noradrenergic agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the side effects of clonidine?

A

Drowsiness, cardiotoxicity, depression, confusion, dry mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is melatonin produced?

A

The pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the heritability of autism spectrum disorder?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the recurrence rate in subsequent siblings of a child with autism spectrum disorder?

A

10-20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder?

A 
Impaired social communication
Restricted, repetitive behaviours
Onset in early childhood
Impairs functioning
Not explained by another disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which conditions are associated with autism spectrum disorder?

A

Rett, fragile X, tuberous sclerosis, Angelman, Down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which medications might be useful in autism spectrum disorder?

A

Stimulants
SSRIs - for compulsive/ritualistic behaviours
Melatonin
Atypical antipsychotics e.g. risperidone for aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is Rett syndrome inherited?

A

X-linked dominant but sporadic in 99% of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the mutation in Rett syndrome?

A

Almost always MECP2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the features of Rett syndrome?

A 
Developmental regression
Dyspraxic gait
Stereotypical hand movements
Seizures
Breathing problems
Abnormal tone
Screaming or laughing spells
Scoliosis
Autonomic dysfunction
GI problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Rolando variant Rett syndrome?

A

Congenital where development is impaired earlier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Zapella variant Rett syndrome?

A

Preserved speech - speech is regained after the regression

33
Q

What medications might be needed in Rett syndrome?

A 
Lamotrigine for early seizures
Sodium valproate or carbamazepine for later seizures
Anti dystonic e.g. baclofen
SSRIs for agitation
Melatonin for sleep
34
Q

How many children with developmental delay have an underlying issue?

A

40% have chromosomal abnormality
5-10% have a developmental malformation
4% have metabolic disorders

35
Q

Gross motor milestones at 6 weeks

A

Raises head to 45 degrees when on tummy
Stabilises head when raised to sitting
Head can be held in same plane as body on ventral suspension

36
Q

Gross motor milestones at 3 months

A

Able to raise head and chest on forearms when prone

Head steady when pulled to sit

37
Q

Gross motor milestones at 6 months

A

Can roll over

Sits without support with rounded back

38
Q

Gross motor milestones at 9 months

A

Sits with straight back
Pivots to reach objects
Stands holding onto objects

39
Q

Gross motor milestones at 12 months

A

Crawling
Pulls to stand
Cruising or walking

40
Q

Gross motor milestones at 15 months

A

Walking well

41
Q

Gross motor milestones at 18 months

A

Stoops and retrieves objects
Carries toys while walking
Running
Jumping

42
Q

Gross motor milestones at 2-2.5 years

A

Climbs and descends stairs one step at a time
Throws a ball at shoulder level
Kicks a ball (2.5y)
Climbs furniture

43
Q

Gross motor milestones at 3 years

A

Pedals tricycle
Jumps well
Hops on one foot for 3 steps
Walks upstairs one foot per step, downstairs two feet per step

44
Q

Gross motor milestones at 4 years

A

Stands on one foot well

45
Q

Gross motor milestones at 5 years

A

Was down stairs one foot per step

Bounces and catches ball

46
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 6 weeks

A

Fixes and follows through 90 degrees horizontally

47
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 3 months

A

Fixes and follows through 180 degrees horizontally
Hands beginning to be brought to the midline
Attempts to make contact with offered object

48
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 6 months

A

Transfers
Reaches our for objects
Mouthing objects
Palmar grasp

49
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 9 months

A

Looks for toy fallen from view
Pokes objects with index finger
Inferior pincer grip

50
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 12 months

A

Neat pincer grip
Banging bricks together
Stacks 2 bricks

51
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 15 months

A

Pincer grip refined, can pick up tiny objects

Casting should disappear by 18m

52
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 18 months

A

Delicate pincer grip
Scribbles to and fro
Stacks 4 bricks

53
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 2-2.5 years

A

Copies a vertical line
Tower of 8 bricks
Shape matching
Turns several pages of a book at once

54
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 3 years

A 
Copies a circle
Matches 2 colours
Builds a bridge or train
Can make single cuts at 3 years, cuts pieces at 3.5
Griffiths beads
Turns one page of a book at a time
55
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 4 years

A

Copies a cross and a square
Draws a man with 3 parts
Cuts paper in half
Builds 12 blocks, or steps

56
Q

Fine motor and vision milestones at 5 years

A 
Copies triangle
Draws a man with 6 parts
Writes name
Can do up buttons
Can build big steps
Can thread small beads
57
Q

Language milestones at 6 weeks

A

Makes throaty noises

Stills, startles at loud noise

58
Q

Language milestones at 3 months

A

Vowel sounds and noises uttered on social contact

Turns head to sound, level to the ear

59
Q

Language milestones at 6 months

A

Unintelligible babble
Will turn when name is called
Understands ‘bye bye’ and ‘no’

60
Q

Language milestones at 9 months

A

Shouts to gain attention
Two syllable babble
Imitates adult sounds
Responds to own name

61
Q

Language milestones at 12 months

A 
2 words with meaning
Responds to 'give it to me'
Understands nouns
Points to own body parts
Shows recognition of objects by using them e.g. brush
62
Q

Language milestones at 15 months

A

Expression of several words
Understands words like cup, names of siblings
Jargon and jabbering
Echolalia

63
Q

Language milestones at 18 months

A 
Understands up to 50 words
Knows common objects by name e.g. cat
Follows one step commands
1-6 different words
Points to doll's body parts
64
Q

Language milestones at 2 years to 2.5 years

A

Uses plurals
Understands verbs a 2y, prepositions at 2.5y
Follows two step requests
Identifies objects from hearing their use
Selects toy from others e.g. ‘give me the sheep’
2 words together at 2 years 3-4 at 2.5

65
Q

Language milestones at 3 years

A 
Knows some colours
Three to four word sentences
Name, age and sex on request
Pronouns and plurals
Knows more about time, today and not today
Starts to tell stories
Understands negatives and adjectives
Understands comparatives (3.5y)
66
Q

Language milestones at 4 years

A 
Counts to 10 
Identifies several colours
100s of questions
Understands numbers
Past tense
Increasing concentration
67
Q

Language milestones at 5 years

A

Comprehension of ‘what do you do if you are hungry, cold, tired?’
Understands opposites

68
Q

Social milestones at 6 weeks

A

Social smile

69
Q

Social milestones at 3 months

A

May show displeasure on interruption of social contact

70
Q

Social milestones at 6 months

A 
Plays with feet
Holds onto bottle when fed
Puts object to mouth
Shakes rattle
Reaches for bottle/breast
71
Q

Social milestones at 9 months

A

Finger feeds
Resists when objects removed
Stranger fear

72
Q

Social milestones at 12 months

A 
Waves bye bye
Claps hands
Empties cupboards
Plays alone if familiar person nearby
Drinks from beaker with lid
73
Q

Social milestones at 15 months

A

Drinks from a cup

Indicates wants without crying i.e. pointing, pulling, asking

74
Q

Social milestones at 18 months

A

Holds spoon and gets food to mouth
Takes shoes and socks off
Imitates everyday activities

75
Q

Social milestones at 2 to 2.5 years

A

Plays alone

Eats with spoon

76
Q

Social milestones at 3 years

A 
Out of nappies during the day, bowel control
Separates from mother easily
Eats with spoon and fork
Dresses with supervision
Begins to share toys
77
Q

Social milestones at 4 yeas

A 
Concern/sympathy for others if hurt
Has best friend
Shares toys
Out of nappies at night
Brushes teeth
Toilet alone
Eats skilfully with little help
Dressing and undressing
78
Q

Social milestones at 5 years

A

Acts out role play, imaginative play

Handles knife

MRCPCH Clinicals (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions