Developmenal Psycholgy Flashcards
Authoritarian parenting style
High on control and demanding news, low on nurturant and responsiveness. The children display low levels of independence and social responsibility
Permissive parenting style
High on love and affection, but expertise limited control and place few demands on children. These children are immature, lack impulse control and self-reliance, as well as lacking in social responsibility and independence
Authoritative parenting style
High levels of warmth and achievements demands. Firm but not punitive control and open communication between parents and children. These children are most competent: self-reliant, socially responsible, keen to achieve, cooperate
Neglecting parenting style
Disengaging style. Parents are neither responsive nor are they demanding. They may be actively rejecting or simply neglect their child-care responsibilities. Most harmful to children, resulting in low levels of cognitive and social competence
The validity of a test refers to:
the degree to which it measures what it is intended to measure
What is an advantage of an experiment that employs a micro genetic research design?
It can clarify the process of change
In early embryonic development, after the first cell division (cleavage) and before the formation of the blastocoel (cavity), the fertilised ovum is known as
Morula
In developing human brains, Schwann cells produce
Myelin
The typical number of chromosomes in a human being is
22 pairs plus 1 pair of sex-determining chromosomes
What components are needed in soft assembly in order to successfully accomplish reaching?
Control arm extension and stable base
What is an attractor state?
An tractor is a set of physical properties toward which a system tends to evolve, regardless of the starting conditions of the system
What approach do many current theorists of motor development take?
Dynamic systems approach
McLearn et al (2006) showed which of the following parenting practices distinguished mothers with depressive symptoms from healthy controls after possible confounding variables were statistically controlled for?
Social practices and routines
At what point following birth can social contingencies in mother-infant dyads be first observed?
Hours after birth
Research suggests that the most attuned parent-infant dyads are in a state of match for approx what percentage of their interaction?
About 30%
The study by Isabella and Belsky (1991) examined associations between infant-mother interactional history and which key developmental outcome?
Attachment
What is the description for the normative developmental pattern of fears that concerns a physical danger and fears concerning social evaluation across childhood
Fears concerning physical danger typically decrease as children get older and fears concerning social evaluation typically increase as children get older
What statement is the most consistent with an evolutionary account of why children show a normative pattern of fears throughout childhood?
Human fear systems have developed to focus on specific threats at ages when they represent the greatest danger to children
Green-Landfell et al (2007) explored the effect of adverse life events and victimisation on prevalence rates for social anxiety disorder (SAD). Which of the following is not a valid conclusion that can be drawn from their data?
Victimisation and adverse life events caused SAD in adolescence
What fact is used by Butterworth (2001) to support his nativist theory of human pointing?
Index-finger pointing by apes
Moore & Corkum (1994) predicted, on the basis of operant learning theory, that the human babies would come to expect which of the following caregiver responses to their protodeclarative points?
Head turn toward the referent of the point and an interesting infant-directed response
The bulk of children’s early vocabularies are
Count nouns for solid objects
Children are more likely to extend a novel noun to a novel object with the same
Shape
Newborn infants prefer to listen to
Their mother’s language over another language
Which of the following approaches was used to discover the role of FOXP2 gene in language development?
Pedigree analysis
What is true about epigenetic modifications?
They do not affect DNA sequence, can change across development and can be caused by environmental factors
In Piaget’s model of moral development, heteronomous morality is
Not more advanced than autonomous morality, not involved in attention to the multiple perspectives within social groups and may not be referred as a ‘morality of cooperation’
What are Kohlberg’s identified level of moral understanding?
The postconventional level, the conventional level, the pre conventional level
In Miller and Bersoffos (1992) study comparing the moral reasoning of American and Indian participants
Indians were more likely than Americans to resolve moral conflict situations in favour of interpersonal rather than justice considerations
At what age do children typically develop gender identity?
2 ½ years
Gender is
A multi-dimensional construct
Iervolino et al studied children’s sex-typed behaviour at ages 3 and 4 using a twin design. Based on their findings it is reasonable to conclude
Fraternal twins are more similar in their sex-typed behaviour than are non-twin siblings
At what age do children reach ceiling level knowledge about gender stereotypical activities and occupations?
7 years
In Stroud, Myers’s, Wilson & Durbin’s (2015) study looking at the association between marital functioning and child adjustment, traditional interactions were coded to measure
The co-parenting relationship
Which of the following parenting styles is associated with children being low in social and cognitive competence?
Rejecting-neglecting parenting
According to Gardner et al (2012) what is true about the way parenting changed between 1986 and 2006?
Both parental expectations and parenting monitoring of adolescent behaviour increased over this time period
What statement is true about puberty?
Body image satisfaction is at its lowest during puberty
Which of Erikson’s Psychosocial stages characterise adolescence?
Identity vs. Identity diffusion
Which of Marcia’s identity statuses is defined as the active period of exploration when individuals examine alternatives in an attempt to arrive at a choice?
Moratorium
What is an example of relational bullying?
Making up stories about another child behind their back
Is this true of false:
Co-rumination leads to increases in depressive behaviour
