Developing fuels Flashcards
What is the equation to find the volume at room temperature ?
Volume = moles x 24
What is the ideal gas equation ?
pV = nRT
Under what condition does 1 mole of gas have a volume of 24.0 dm3 ?
At room temperature and pressure
Write a formula you’d use to find out how many moles there are in a volume of gas at RTP ?
Moles = volume / 24
10 g of calcium carbonate react with excess dilute HCl at RTP to produce calcium chloride, water and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3 + 2HCl –> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
What is the volume of carbon dioxide ?
Use the two equations;
- Moles = Mass / Mr
- Volume = Moles x 24
10 / 100.1 = … no. of moles of CaCO3
Mole ratio of CaCO3 : CO2 = 1 : 1
No. of moles of CaCO3 is equal to the no. of moles of CO2.
Volume of CO2 produced = 2.398 dm3
4 dm3 of ethane (C2H6) are burned in 20 dm3 of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction ?
C2H6 + 3.5O2 –> 2CO2 + 3H2O
Magnesium carbonate thermally decomposes to produce magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide. What mass of magnesium carbonate is needed to produce 6.00 dm3 of carbon dioxide at RTP ?
Moles = Volume / 24
Mass = Moles x Mr
6.00 / 24 = … moles of carbon dioxide
(6.00/24) x 84.3 = 21.075 g
At what temperature will 1.28g of chlorine gas occupy 98.6 dm3, at a pressure of 175 Pa ?
PV =nRT
Moles = Mass / Mr
1.28 / 71 = .. no. of moles of chlorine
T = PV / nR
T = 175 x 0.0986 / (1.28 / 71) x 8.314
T = 115.12 K
Convert dm3 to m3
Divide by 1000
Convert cm3 to m3
Divide by 10^6
What is enthalpy change ?
The heat transferred in a reaction at constant pressure. The units are KJ/mol
What are enthalpy changes under ?
They are under standard conditions. 298 K and 100 KPa
What is an exothermic reaction ?
Reaction that gives out energy.
The temperature often increases.
It is negative.
What is an endothermic reaction ?
Reaction that absorbs energy.
The temperature often decreases.
It is positive.
What is a bond enthalpy ?
The energy needed to break a bond or the energy given out when a bond forms.
What is the enthalpy change of reaction ? (equation)
Enthalpy change of reaction = Total energy absorbed to break bonds - Total energy released in making bonds.
Calculate the overall enthalpy change for this reaction : N2 + 3H2 –> 2NH3
Use the average bond enthalpy values in the table below.
Nitrogen = 945 KJ/mol
H-H = 436 Kj/mol
N-H - Hydrogen = 391 Kj/mol
1 x 945 = 945 Kj/mol
3 x 436 = 1308 kj/mol
Total energy absorbed = 945 + 1308 = 2253
6 x 391 = 2346
Total energy released = 2346
Total energy absorbed = Total energy released
2253 - 2346 = -93 kj/mol (exothermic reaction)
What is the bond length ?
The distance between the two nuclei is the distance where the attractive and repulsive forces balance each other. The stronger the attraction between the atoms, the higher the bond enthalpy and the shorter bond length. (The two positively charged nuclei also repel each other, as do the electrons)
Describe the conditions under which standard enthalpy changes are measured ?
They are under standard conditions > 298 K and 100 KPa.
Is energy taken or released when bonds are broken ?
Energy is taken in
What states must compounds be in when bond enthalpies are measured ?
Gas
Why might the figure in a data book for bond enthalpy not be the exact enthalpy change for that type of bond in a particular compound ?
The bond enthalpies in a data book are the average bond enthalpies.
Explain why the bond enthalpy if C=O in ketones is greater than the bond enthalpy of C-O in alcohols ?
In the C=O bond they share 4 electrons, compared to in the C-O bond they only share two electrons. This means that in the C=O bond there is a greater electron density between the two positively charged nuclei, so therefore greater attraction between the nuclei and the electrons.
Hydrogen peroxide has the same structure: H-O-O-H. Using the values from the table on the right, calculate the overall enthalpy change for the reaction ?
H2O2 –> H2O + 0.5O2
H-O –> 463 kj/mol
O-O –> 146 kj/mol
O=O –> 498 kj/mol
2 x 463 = 926 kj/mol
1 x 146 = 146
Total energy absorbed = 926 + 146 = 1072
2 x 463 = 926 kj/mol
0.5 x 498 = 249 kj/mol
Total energy released = 926 + 249 = 1175
Total energy absorbed to break the bonds - Total energy released to make the bonds
1072 - 1175 = -103 kj/mol (exothermic reaction)