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Nutrition Y2 - Semester 1 > Detox - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Detox - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what to consider in the client when evaluating detoxification and elimination?

A
  • Exposure to various toxins (toxic load).
  • Antioxidant and nutritional status.
  • Liver function and elimination capacity, particularly via the GIT, urinary tract, and skin.
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2
Q

What is detoxification?

A

the process of transforming fat-soluble toxins and xenobiotics into water-soluble compounds that can be eliminated via the urine or bile

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3
Q

Where does detoxification take place?

A
  • Detoxification is carried out by a variety of cells, but takes place primarily in hepatocytes (functional liver cells).
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4
Q

How to support detox in clinics?

A

Minimise the toxic load.

Support elimination pathways (before promoting liver detoxification).

Support detoxification pathways.

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5
Q

What are Toxicant / xenobiotic?

A

Foreign substances (typically synthetic) found in the body that are not derived from a normal diet or produced endogenously e.g., pesticides, food additives, heavy metals, pharmaceutical drugs, industrial chemicals.

xenobiotics = a chemical found in an organism that is not expected to be present

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6
Q

What are toxins? Classic and broader definitions?

A

Classical definition: A poison produced in organisms that is active at low concentrations e.g., aflatoxins from moulds.

More modern broader definition: Any agent (biological or otherwise) that disturbs physiology and can be harmful to the body.

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7
Q

Give 3 examples of endogenous toxins?

A
  1. GI microbes:
    * Toxic compounds such as aldehydes, alcohols and indoles released from undesirable bacteria and fungi.
    * Fragments of dysbiotic bacteria called lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) can enter the bloodstream (esp. if ↑ intestinal permeability) causing excessive immune reactions.
  2. Waste products from normal metabolic processes e.g., urea if not properly metabolised in the liver.
  3. Poorly detoxified / eliminated hormones (e.g., chronic constipation => ↓oestrogen elimination)
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8
Q

Give 3 examples of exogenous chemical toxins?

A
  • Bisphenols E.g., bisphenol A (BPA)
  • Pesticides and herbicides: E.g., glyphosate + OCPs
  • Phthalates
  • Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs):
  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs):
  • Solvents: E.g., benzene, toluene, styrene.
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9
Q

sources of and diseases associated with Bisphenol

A

Tinned (tin food have a plastic coating inside) and plastic packaging.

Type 2 diabetes, infertility, oestrogen disruption – BPA mimic oestrogen.

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10
Q

sources of and diseases associated with Pesticides and herbicides

A

Chemically-grown food, water (contamination).

Alzheimer’s, infertility, erectile dysfunction, RA, SLE, cancer.

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11
Q

sources of and diseases associated with Phthalates

A

Plastic products beauty products. Infertility, Type 2 diabetes, allergies.

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12
Q

sources of and diseases associated with Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs):

A

Flame retardants (furnishing, curtains, carpets), farmed fish (anti-microbial to disinfect the water).

Insulin resistance, child behavioural problems, thyroid dysfunction as they mimic iodine)

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13
Q

sources of and diseases associated with Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs):

A

Air pollution / vehicle exhaust (diesel = worst), grilled BBQ foods.

Type 2 diabetes, ADHD, Alzheimer’s, atopic conditions, COPD.

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14
Q

sources of and diseases associated with Solvents

A

Vehicle exhausts, smoking, foods.

Alzheimer’s, infertility, MS, RA, ↑ autism risk.

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15
Q

Give 3 example of exogenous metal toxins

A

Aluminium:

Mercury:

Arsenic:

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16
Q

sources of and diseases associated with aluminium

A

Foil (and food), anti- perspirants, vaccines, cookware

Mitochondrial damage, Alzheimer’s.

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17
Q

sources of and diseases associated with mercury

A

Amalgams, fish (esp. larger fish), water, vaccines, air pollution.

Chronic fatigue, neurological damage, Hashimoto’s, ADHD, infertility, SLE

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18
Q

sources of and diseases associated with arsenic

A

Water, rice, chicken, fish, smoking.

Type 2 diabetes, cancer, gout, peripheral neuropathy.
AS3MT SNPs ― associated with ↑ toxic reactions (i.e., in those with ↓ arsenic exposure).

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19
Q

Give 3 advice to live toxin free?

A
  • Eat organic and wash food where needed; avoid farmed and large fish; avoid plastic packaging as much as possible and replace with glass containers, beeswax wraps etc. Avoid pre-packed ready meals.
  • Use an air purifier and / or air purifying plants (e.g., peace lily, snake plant, English ivy), especially if in a polluted area. Take off shoes before entering the house.
  • Use a good-quality water filter (e.g., reverse osmosis).
  • Carefully select non-chemically ridden beauty products, cleaning products and kitchenware.
  • Avoid the toxins mentioned, alcohol, smoking and drugs.
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20
Q

Give 5 sign or symptoms of sluggish liver detox

A
  • Poor appetite and fatigue.
  • Nausea, esp. in the morning.
  • Difficulty digesting fatty foods => impaired bile flow
  • Gallstones => impaired bile flow
  • Pale, fatty stools that float => impaired bile flow
  • Intolerance to alcohol.
  • Dry skin and itching. Skin breakout.
  • Halitosis and a bitter taste.
  • Offensive body odour.
  • Bad breath
  • A feeling of overheating.
  • Waking between 1 and 3 am.
  • Yellowing of the whites of eyes => impaired bile flow
  • Dark circles under the eyes.
  • Hormone imbalances (high oestrogen)
  • Mood changes
  • ↓ concentration and brain fog
  • Headaches
  • Loss of period
  • Tongue: Esp. thick coatings on the tongue, e.g., a yellow coat.
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21
Q

What testings for detoxification ?

A
  • Hair analysis of toxic elements.
  • Urine heavy metals (e.g. ‘GPL-TOX’ ― screens for 172 environmental pollutants).
  • Blood metals panel.
  • Stool panel.
  • Genetic profiling e.g., LifeCode GX Detox Panel.
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22
Q

Why is a good antioxidant defence needed when detoxifying?

A

Phase I detoxification generates free radicals. An adequate antioxidant defence is crucial to avoid tissue damage.

Antioxidants = play a central role in detoxification by converting free radicals / ROS to stable, non-toxic molecules

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23
Q

What are the 3 main groups of antioxidants?

A
  1. Antioxidant enzymes (endogenous).
  2. Chain-breaking antioxidants (from food) ― the chain of ROS can be broken when a molecule can accept or donate an electron without needing to rectify its gain or loss.
  3. Transition metal-binding proteins - Metallothionein (MT):
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24
Q

Name 4 endogenous antioxidants that are also Antioxidant enzymes?

A
  1. Superoxide dismutase (SOD):
  2. Catalase:
  3. Glutathione peroxidase:
  4. Glutathione reductase:
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25
Q

What is the role of the antioxidant Superoxide dismutase (SOD)?

3 nutrient cofactors

A

A group of enzymes that convert superoxide to hydrogen peroxide.

Hydrogen peroxide (also a ROS) must then be detoxified by catalase or glutathione peroxidase.

Zinc, copper, manganese.

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26
Q

What is the role of antioxidant Catalase?

1 Nutrient Co-factor

A

Converts hydrogen peroxide to H2O and O2.

Iron.

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27
Q

What is the role of glutathione peroxidase?

1 nutrient co-factor

A

Same as for catalase. Converts hydrogen peroxide to H2O and O2.

Note: Mercury can suppress selenium activity in the body.

Selenium.

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28
Q

What is the role of antioxidant Glutathione reductase?

1 nutrient co-factor

A

Regenerates glutathione that has been oxidised.

Vitamin B3

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29
Q

Name 4 exogenous antioxidant and dietary sources? Chain-breaking antioxidants

A
  1. Vitamin E: Sunflower seeds, almonds, pine nuts, olive oil, avocado, sweet potato, spinach.
  2. Vitamin C: Peppers, kiwi fruit, papaya, currants, berries, citrus, crucifers, mangoes, tomatoes.
  3. Flavonoids: E.g., quercetin (red onions, apples), anthocyanins (red grapes), catechins (green tea), kaempferol (kale, spinach)
  4. Carotenoids: Yellow, orange, and red fruits and vegetables. Green vegetables.
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30
Q

Name 1 Transition metal binding protein antioxidant? What is the role in the body and name nutrient co-factors ?

A

Metallothionein (MT):

MTs are cysteine-rich proteins that bind essential and toxic heavy metals (e.g., cadmium).

They are important for zinc and copper homeostasis, and also to reduce oxidative stress.

Require adequate levels of cysteine (e.g., in legumes, sunflower seeds, eggs, chicken) zinc, copper, and selenium.

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31
Q

what is the primary site of detoxification and why?

A

The liver is the primary site for detoxification because it filters blood coming directly from the GIT and spleen via the portal vein.

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32
Q

What is phase zero detox?

A

The entry of the toxin into the cell (primarily hepatocytes) or exit of the unmetabolized toxin from storage inside cells such as adipocytes:

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33
Q

How do fat soluble and water soluble toxins exit the cell?

A
  • Fat-soluble toxins diffuse through the cell membrane.
  • Water-soluble or charged toxins need to access or leave the cell through a transporter.
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34
Q

What are the 2 main transporter families used for phase zero detox?

A

Solute carriers (SLC – also use for vit C transport)

ATP binding cassette carriers.

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35
Q

Describe phase I detox and the implication of CYP450 enzyme?

A

Phase I = primarily involves transformation enzymes collectively known as cytochrome P450 (CYP450) in the liver:
* Most toxins that arrive inside the hepatocytes are lipophilic and have to undergo phase I detoxification.
* The CYP450 + toxin / hormone reaction creates an active binding site on the toxin (often exposing an –OH / alcohol group). This makes them more water-soluble, but also more reactive in order for conjugation to occur (phase II).
* Therefore, in phase I, intermediates are formed which are very bioactive.

36
Q

During Phase I, what is the issue with a toxic overload?

A

CYP450 = involves 50 to 100 enzymes, each of which is best able to detoxify certain compounds, but has broad specificity:

This means the liver can accommodate a wide range of chemical exposure. However:
* Many of the enzymes are produced in response to increased exposure to a certain toxin by producing more of the enzyme that degrades it. This can
happen at the expense of other toxin biotransformation.

37
Q

what is the issue with inducing Phase I without inducing Phase II?

A

Induction of phase I enzymes without co-induction of phase II can = increased reactive intermediates, ↑ oxidative stress.

38
Q

What are considerations to have in clients in phase I to phase II detox?

A
  • The progression of metabolites from phase I through to phase II must happen in quick succession to minimise damaging effects of intermediary products.
  • Genetic variations (SNPs), diet and availability of nutrient co-factors can influence an individual’s ability to metabolise toxins.
  • Phase II enzymes are generally less inducible than phase I.
  • Typically, phase I will be upregulated due to toxic load, while phase II will be slow due to overwhelm from heightened phase I activity and / or lack of co-factors (e.g., a poor, nutrient-depleted diet).
39
Q

What can up regulate phase I detox?

A
  • Typically, phase I will be upregulated due to toxic load, while phase II will be slow due to overwhelm from heightened phase I activity and / or lack of co-factors (e.g., a poor, nutrient-depleted diet).

Smoking, alcohol, caffeine and chargrilled food increase phase I activity

40
Q

How to reduce toxic load and support phase I detox?

A
  1. Go organic to minimise intake of pesticides and other xenobiotics from the food chain.
  2. Minimise exposure of xenobiotics in toiletries and household products.
  3. Stop smoking and avoid caffeine.
  4. Avoid chargrilled and smoked foods.
  5. Reduce or ideally eliminate alcohol.
  6. Avoid unnecessary medications.
  7. Avoid use of plastics in contact with food.
41
Q

What co-factors are needed for phase I detox? x2

A
  • The B complex vitamins are vital co-factors for the action of the cytochrome P450 enzymes and other phase I enzyme families.
  • Adequate amounts of the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine and valine are also necessary to support phase I activity. Sources include quinoa, fish, eggs and meat.
42
Q

What food deplete of B vitamins? What are good sources of B vitamins?

A
  • Alcohol depletes B vitamins and so should be avoided to optimise an individual’s B vitamin status.
  • B vitamin-rich foods include whole grains, legumes, mushrooms, sunflower seeds, pistachios, wild fish, eggs, sea vegetables.
43
Q

What key genes are involved in Phase I detox and prone to SNPs? What do they detox?

A

CYP2E1 ― ethanol
CYP17A1 ― pregnenolone – steroid hormones
CYP1A2 ― caffeine
CYP19A1 ― testosterone
CYP2C9 ― warfarin
CYP1A1 ― oestrogen

44
Q

How can SNP influence phase I detox activity?

A

SNPs can influence enzyme activity ― either turning it up (↑ metabolism) or down (↓ metabolism).

It has the potential to increase toxicity by speeding up conversion of compounds to reactive intermediary products or by causing an accumulation of unmetabolised toxins

45
Q

What does the gene CYP1A1 code for?

A

Deactivating oestrogen

Detoxifying many toxins including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and solvents. PAHs damage DNA increasing cancer risk. They are formed in chargrilled meat, smoked foods and cigarettes.

46
Q

What is the risk with a CYP1A1 SNP and what are the natural recommendations?

A

CYP1A1 gene codes for the phase I enzyme CYP1A1 which is responsible for: Deactivating oestrogen. An SNP of this gene increases the risk of oestrogen dominance.

CYP1A1 SNP recommendations:
* Avoid (more crucial for these people): Chargrilled meats and smoked food. Smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke. Industrial pollutants and synthetic oestrogens (e.g., parabens in beauty products, plastic).
* Focus on plant foods (minimal animal protein), rich in colour (phytonutrients) including polyphenols (green tea, berries, apples, etc.). Also rosemary.
* Sulphur-rich foods, especially cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli sprouts for the high I3C content) and allium vegetables).
* Consider supplementation with Indole-3-carbinol.

47
Q

What does the gene CYP1A2 code for?

A

Gene: CYP1A2 gene encodes a member of the CYP450 family of enzymes, which metabolise nutrients and drugs, including caffeine

48
Q

What is the risk with a CYP1A2 SNP and what are the natural recommendations?

A
  • SNP: The SNP at rs762551 impacts CYP1A2 activity. Individuals with the CC genotype, also known as CYP1A2*1C, are ‘slow’ caffeine metabolisers.
    ‒ Caffeine intake > 300 mg / day can be damaging to the brain, heart, liver and kidneys.

Fast metaboliser of coffee and caffeine => too much coffee, can be high in mould, hydrocarbon from roasting, intermediate metabolites

SNP recommendations: Avoid all caffeine intake from coffee, tea and foods such as chocolate.

49
Q

explain how CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 overlap?

A

CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 overlap as CYP1A1 can detoxify caffeine so excess caffeine can lead to less effective oestrogen detoxification.

50
Q

Explain phase II detox

A

Phase II = a variety of chemical reactions which add functional groups to reactive toxins to make them safe to be released into the blood or bile for excretion via the kidneys or bowel

51
Q

Name the 6 potential phase II pathways

A
  1. Glucuronidation
  2. Sulphation
  3. Glutathione conjugation
  4. Amino acid conjugation
  5. Acetylation
  6. Methylation
52
Q

Phase II pathways: Glucoronidation

What does it detoxify?
What is it inhibited by?
What nutrient does it require?
What is it enhanced by?

A
  1. Glucuronidation:
    Detoxifies: Oestrogens, NSAIDs, morphine, hydrocarbons (smoke), thyroxine, bilirubin, plastic, mould, paracetamol

Inhibited by: Aspirin, smoking, contraceptive pill, fluoride.

Requires: Glucuronic acid (e.g., from apples, alfalfa, broccoli).

Enhanced by: Citrus peel, brassica vegetables, turmeric.

53
Q

Phase II pathways: Sulphation

What does it detoxify?
What is it inhibited by?
What nutrient does it require?

A

Detoxifies: Steroid hormones (e.g., oestrogen), food additives, industrial chemicals.

Inhibited by: NSAIDs, tartrazine, molybdenum deficiency.

Requires: Sulphur-containing amino acids (esp. cysteine and methionine, Sulphur-rich foods (brassica veg; onion, garlic). Molybdenum (legumes, leafy veg, whole grains).

54
Q

Phase II pathways: Acetylation

What does it detoxify?
What is it inhibited by?
What is it enhanced by?

A

Detoxifies: Smoke, HAAs (when meat is cooked at high temperature), halides (fluoride that competes with iodine and can impair thyroid functions), histamine (help reduce excess histamine), sulphonamides drugs (antibiotics)

Inhibited by: Vitamin B and C deficiency.

Enhanced by: Vitamins B1, B5, vitamin C, butyric acid (SCFA).

55
Q

Phase II pathways: Methylation

What does it detoxify?
What is it inhibited by?
What is it enhanced by?

A

Detoxifies: Steroid hormones incl. oestrogens, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline. Arsenic and urea.

Inhibited by: B12 and folate deficiency; a high sucrose diet can inhibit enzymes such as COMT.

Enhanced by: Methionine, betaine, choline, vitamins B2, B6, B12, folate, magnesium.

56
Q

Phase II pathways: Amino acid conjugation

What does it detoxify?
What is it inhibited by?
What is it enhanced by?

A

Detoxifies: Xenobiotics, drugs (e.g., aspirin and statins).

Inhibited by: Low protein diet.

Enhanced by: Glycine primarily (legumes, seaweed, cauliflower, bone broth, meat, fish, eggs, chicken, seeds), taurine, glutamine, arginine.

57
Q

Phase II pathways: Glutathione conjugation

What does it detoxify?
What nutrients does it require?
What is it inhibited by?
What is it enhanced by?

A

Detoxifies: Xenobiotics, paracetamol, heavy metals (esp. mercury).

Requires: Glycine, glutamine and cysteine for formation of glutathione.

Inhibited by: Selenium, B6, zinc, glutathione deficiency.

Enhanced by: Brassica veg (especially broccoli sprouts), turmeric, citrus peel, alpha-lipoic acid.

58
Q

How to enhance phase II liver detox by increasing Nfr2 gene expression? x4

A
  • Phytonutrients not only scavenge ROS (acting as direct antioxidants), but also regulate Nrf2 activity.
  • Phytochemicals / foods that can regulate Nrf2 activity:
  • Curcumin (turmeric), broccoli constituents, garlic, epicatechins (e.g., green tea), lycopene (tomatoes), resveratrol (e.g., red grapes), isoflavones (legumes, alfalfa sprouts), rosemary, blueberry, pomegranate, naringenin (grapefruit).
  • The effects of whole foods / herbs versus isolated bioactive compounds appear greater
59
Q

why is Nfr2 key for phase II detox

A
  • In addition to the nutrients outlined for each of the six pathways, there are some general strategies for supporting phase II.
  • The transcription factor, Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2) is key to regulating the body’s detoxification and antioxidant system:
  • Induction of Nrf2 increases endogenous antioxidants to protect against reactive intermediates, and promotes phase II pathways.
  • Nrf2 induction is considered protective against various oxidative stress-related conditions such as cancer, kidney dysfunction, neurological disease, and cardiovascular disease
60
Q

what is the rate limiting AA for glutathione synthesis? + food sources

A
  • Cysteine is the rate-limiting amino acid for glutathione synthesis (sources include legumes, sunflower seeds, eggs, chicken).
61
Q

What is glutathione critical for? x2

A
  • Glutathione is critical to mitochondrial protection.
  • Glutathione binds and transports mercury out of cells and out of the brain across the blood-brain barrier.
62
Q

What are low levels of glutathione linked to?

A
  • Low levels of glutathione have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, CVD, liver diseases, and pulmonary diseases such as COPD.
63
Q

Name 5 natural ways to increase glutathione levels

A
  • Decrease depletion (decrease oxidative stress): Decrease toxic load, optimise melatonin (sleep hygiene, vitamin B6 etc.), alpha-lipoic acid.
  • Milk thistle (silymarin).
  • NAC (also binds to methyl Hg) — 300–1000 mg x 2 daily.
  • Liposomal glutathione.
  • Resveratrol (e.g., red grapes, berries).
  • Cruciferous vegetables (glucosinolates boost glutathione).
  • Cordyceps mushroom. Stimulates glutathione production
  • Sleep – rest and repair / reduce stress to avoid extra load
  • ALA – Alpha Lipoic Acid supplements, recycle vit C ad glutathione and will reduce oxidative stress. Help recycle oxidise glutathione
  • N-Acetyl Cysteine NAC – will top u body cysteine to promote sulphation and glutathione. Don’t use too much if people are too sensitive in the sulphation pathway and support with Mo to complete the process
  • Glutathione supplements with people with chronic oxidative stress and detox issue
  • Diet natural anti-oxidants + cruciferous vegetables
64
Q

What is the gene for glutathione and what is a common SNP?

A

Glutathione (GSTM1):
* Genes: GSTM1 is the most active member of the GST family and is responsible for the removal of xenobiotics, carcinogens and products of oxidative stress.
* SNPs: An ‘absent’ gene is common, resulting in reduced capacity for liver detoxification.

65
Q

Recommendations for Glutathione (GSTM1) SNP?

A
  • Focus on minimising toxic load, e.g., stop smoking, eat organic.
  • ↑ antioxidants (‘rainbow of colour’).
  • ↑ cruciferous vegetables (for the sulforaphane I3C) and alliums.
  • Milk thistle, NAC, alpha-lipoic acid, selenium.
66
Q

What is phase III detoxification? What does it involve

A

Phase III = the removal and excretion phase where detoxified products are pumped into blood or bile for elimination:

  • This involves over 350 antiporter proteins (ATP- dependent pumps) that work on specific substrates. Are dependent on ATP.
67
Q

How to naturally induce phase III metabolism?

A
  • Fasting (e.g., intermittent / vegetable broth). You reduce the chemical burden on the body so it focuses on those processes like phase III
  • Being in a lipolytic state allows toxins stored in fat cells to be mobilised and eliminated.
  • Fasts and calorie restriction should be short term (5–10 days) and toxin elimination should be supported with practices such as saunas
68
Q

What phytonutrients in very high dose can inhibit phase III

A
  • Certain very high dose isolated phytonutrients appear to inhibit phase III — notably curcumin and epicatechins (in green tea).
  • However, turmeric and green tea are highly valuable to detoxification and antioxidant processes.
  • Focus on dietary inclusion and use of whole plant preparations.
69
Q

What is important for elimination?

A

Hydration

70
Q

How to support bile production and flow?

A
  • Bile production and flow can be supported with choleretic and cholagogue herbs. Dandelion root and globe artichoke leaf provide both actions and are also mild diuretics. Burdock root (e.g., tea) is a cholagogue
71
Q

Why is bile flow and production key for phase III detox?

A

A proportion of conjugated metabolites from the liver are pumped into bile and travel to the intestinal lumen for excretion

72
Q

What factor is essential for good excretion of conjugated metabolites ?

A
  • Efficiency of excretion is dependent on different factors, particularly influences from the diet and microflora.
  • Fibre binds conjugated xenobiotics, decreases stool transit time and reduces the amount of deconjugating enzymes in the stool.
73
Q

What is the issue with dysbiosis in phase III detox?

A
  • Dysbiosis — undesirable bacteria can produce enzymes such as beta-glucuronidase that deconjugate phase II compounds, ↓ elimination.
  • Deconjugated xenobiotics re-enter the blood and are sent back to the liver for processing.
74
Q

What herb is hepatoprotector? x1

A

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum):
* A liver tonic that has strong antioxidant properties and has been shown to help protect the liver from the damaging effects of phase I metabolites.
* It is suitable for hepatoprotection e.g., high alcohol intake, pharmaceutical drugs and hepatitis.
* However, milk thistle at high doses can inhibit phase III.

75
Q

What mycotherapy for the liver? x2

A
  • Shiitake and maitake are hepatoprotective.
  • Cordyceps — hepatoprotective and supports detoxification by increasing glutathione (phase II).
76
Q

What are the key 3 oestrogen liver genes? What is their respective role ?

A
  • CYP1A1 is crucial because it converts oestrogens into 2OH oestrogens, which are neutral or even beneficial for the body.
  • CYP1B1 converts oestrogens to 4OH oestrogens and can promote the synthesis of harmful molecules called quinones, which damage DNA and potentially initiate cancer. Variations on CYP1B1 are associated with increased production of 4OH oestrogens.
  • COMT is involved in the methylation of 2OH and 4OH before detoxification of these oestrogens occurs.
77
Q

How is excess oestrogen eliminated?

A
  • Oestrogens are then detoxified by sulphation and glucuronidation. SULT / UGT SNPs increase the risk of hormone-related cancers e.g., breast cancer.
  • Oestrogen enters the bowel (in bile), where certain gut bacteria ‘deconjugate’ it, allowing recirculation via beta-glucuronidase enzymes. Excess activity can lead to increased levels.
78
Q

what does raised beta-glucuronidase mean on a stool test?

How to combat this naturally?

A

raised beta-glucuronidase is often due to an overgrowth of bacteria such as E. coli and Clostridium perfringens. Detected on a CDSA.

To combat this: Optimise gut flora and ↑ glucuronic acid-rich foods, mung bean sprouts, orange peel (infused tea), apples, broccoli.

79
Q

What nutrient to increase to promote oestrogen metabolism?

A

Increase intake of:
* Cruciferous vegetables, and focus on broccoli sprouts due to the high I3C content increase CYP1A1 action.
* Fibre (elimination), organic fruit and vegetables, filtered water.

80
Q

What nutrient to avoid to promote oestrogen metabolism?

A

Avoid: Dairy, excess alcohol and caffeine, non-organic meat and eggs, water from plastic bottles (due to BPA),
anti-perspirants, hormonal contraceptives.

Address dysbiosis (e.g., weed, seed, feed protocol). Calcium D-glucarate has been shown to inhibit beta-glucuronidase.

81
Q

How to Support bowel elimination ?

A
  • Remove anything damaging the GIT (e.g., alcohol, NSAIDs).
  • Ensure good hydration.
  • Eat foods rich in mucilage, which swells and lubricates the bowel (linseed, chia seeds, psyllium seed / husk). Always take with plenty of water.
  • Maximise fibre intake (soluble and insoluble) to aid transit through the GIT, increase stool bulk and provide prebiotics.
  • Ensure a healthy intestinal microflora:
    – Eradicate pathogens / SIBO with antimicrobials, e.g., berberine.
    – Repopulate the flora with probiotic foods (e.g., kimchi, sauerkraut, kombucha and kefir) and / or probiotic supplements. Increase prebiotic foods (e.g., chicory, garlic, asparagus, onions).
  • Support the intestinal mucosa, e.g., quercetin, bone broth, cabbage juice (glutamine), N-acetyl glucosamine (e.g., in shellfish). Slippery elm and / or marshmallow root (1 tsp powder in water — drink 3 x daily between meals)
82
Q

How to support kidney functions?

A
  • Stop drugs that damage the kidneys, esp. NSAIDS, paracetamol.
  • Avoid table salt and protein (esp. animal) diets as they increase the metabolic load on the kidneys.
  • Good intake of filtered water to aid waste removal via the kidneys.
  • Address GI dysbiosis and intestinal permeability due to the impact of circulating endotoxaemia on the kidneys.
  • Celery seed, nettle and dandelion leaf taken as herbal infusions support renal blood flow, increase urine output and encourage removal of conjugated toxins and acidic wastes.
  • Nettle and dandelion leaf are alkalising (rich in minerals) helping the kidneys to release toxins.
  • Beetroot juice is especially rich in organic nitrates, which are converted to nitric oxide in the body = vasodilation and improved microcirculation. 250 ml x 2 per day.
  • Blueberries protect the kidneys from gut-derived endotoxins.
83
Q

Why the kidney play an essential role in elimination?

A
  • The kidneys play a vital role in elimination, filtering undesired products of metabolism such as uric acid, creatinine, hormone metabolites and phase II metabolites.
84
Q

How to support the skin in elimination?

A
  • Toxin avoidance — especially anti-perspirants (to avoid inhibiting skin elimination).
  • Saunas — increase the elimination of toxins (incl. heavy metals, BPA and phthalates) by promoting cutaneous vasodilation and increasing perspiration. Every 2–4 days.
  • Wraps / poultices (i.e., rock salt, clay, mud) increase heat, which opens pores; the alkalinity absorbs acid wastes.
  • Epsom salt / seaweed baths combine warm water (opens pores) and alkalinity (draws out acid wastes).
  • Burdock root (tea daily) — ‘re-conditions’ the skin
85
Q

How to support the lymphatic flow for elimination?

A
  • The lymphatic system plays a vital role in elimination, filtering and removing harmful substances.
  • Exercise helps to mobilise and shift toxins and wastes. Mini trampolining is especially good!
  • Dry skin brushing (gently brushing the skin from the bottom of the feet and palms of the hands toward the heart).
  • Massage i.e., manual lymphatic drainage.
  • Abdominal breathing exercises (promote thoracic duct drainage).
  • Cleaver’s tea (especially in the spring and summer months).

Nutrition Y2 - Semester 1 (11 decks)

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