Determinants of Natural/Non-specific/Innate Immunity

Question 1

What contributes to natural immunity by inhibiting the attachment and penetration of infectious organisms?

Answer 1

• Mechanical barriers
• Physiologic factors

Question 2

The first line of defense against infectious organisms

Answer 2

Unbroken skin

Question 3

This type of epithelium forms the epidermis

Answer 3

Stratified squamous

Question 4

Epithelial cells that line these tracts provide a physical barrier and also produced substances that kill/inhibit the growth of organisms

Answer 4

• GI
• Genito-urinary
• Respiratory

Question 5

What traps microorganisms and other particulate matter and removed by other mechanisms?

Answer 5

Mucous

Question 6

Beating of cilia on the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract removes microorganisms that are trapped in mucous

Answer 6

Muco-ciliary escalator

Question 7

Ways to eliminate pathogenic organisms

Answer 7

• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

Question 8

Epithelia has what kind of flora?

Answer 8

Normal, non-pathogenic

Question 9

The GI tract has how many different species of organisms?

Answer 9

500-1000

Question 10

Total number of organisms in the GI tract

Answer 10

100 trillion

Question 11

Normal GI flora function

Answer 11

Inhibits colonization and growth of other pathogenic organisms

Question 12

What does the removal/destruction of normal flora allow?

Answer 12

Other organisms to grow

Question 13

What can cause the removal/destruction of normal flora?

Answer 13

Excessive use of antibiotics

Question 14

A baby growing in utero is in this type of environment

Answer 14

Sterile

Question 15

During delivery, the baby will be coated with bacteria, particularly this kind

Answer 15

Lactobacillus johsonii

Question 16

Where does lactobacillus johsonii develop in large amounts?

Answer 16

Vagina of pregnant women

Question 17

What does lactobacillus johsonii produce?

Answer 17

Enzymes that digest milk

Question 18

At what temperature would many organisms stop growing?

Answer 18

37C

Question 19

Antimicrobial factors contained by sebaceous gland secretions

Answer 19

• FAs
• Low pH

Question 20

What are many bacteria (especially gram - and some viral & fungal organisms) susceptible to low concentrations of?

Answer 20

Organic acids

Question 21

Tears and perspiration contains this enzyme

Answer 21

Lysozyme

Question 22

What does lysozyme do?

Answer 22

Lyses bacteria

Question 23

What type of bacteria is more susceptible to lysis from the enzyme lysozyme?

Answer 23

Gram +

Question 24

What does acid pH prevent?

Answer 24

Colonization of microorganisms

Question 25

Things that maintain acid environment

Answer 25

- Urine - Vaginal secretions - HCl acid

Question 26

What to the cells lining the GI tract and respiratory passages secrete?

Answer 26

Anti-microbial proteins

Question 27

Large group of proteins found in the plasma that are made in the liver

Answer 27

Complement proteins

Question 28

Where are complement proteins found?

Answer 28

Plasma

Question 29

Where are plasma proteins made?

Answer 29

Liver

Question 30

What does the activation of complement “tag”?

Answer 30

Micro-organisms for destruction

Question 31

What is enhanced in order to destroy a micro-organism?

Answer 31

- Opsonization - Inflammation - Lysis

Question 32

Proteins produced by the liver in response to cytokines produced by phagocytic cells such as macrophages

Answer 32

Acute phase proteins

Question 33

What produces acute phase protiens?

Answer 33

Liver

Question 34

What are acute phase proteins produced in response to?

Answer 34

Cytokines produced by phagocytic cells (macrophages)

Question 35

This acute phase protein binds to bacteria and increases the chances of phagocytosis

Answer 35

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 36

Iron binding protein which competes with bacteria for iron

Answer 36

Lactoferrin