Detection Systems Flashcards
What are the two most common flourescent dyes?
FITC and TRICT.
What is photobleaching?
When a fluorophore loses its ability to fluorescence due to the buildup of reactive oxygen particles due to its natural activity.
How can photobleaching be reduced?
By either limiting the amount of free oxygen radicals in the environment or decreasing the excitation light in intensity and duration.
What are some common applications of IF in pathology?
- FISH to detect gene aberrations in cells.
- The detection of single monolayer organisms such as bacteria and parasites.
- The visualization of cell structures by super resolution microscopy.
What is ISH?
A common name for a technique used to identify gene amplifications, deletions and translocations as well as chromosomal copy number changes.
What are the three different ISH techniques?
FISH (fluorescent), CISH (chromogens) and SISH (silver). They are named for the system that is used to identify the probe.
Why is CISH used more commonly than FISH?
- The type of microscope (brightfield) used for CISH is more readily available than the microscope used for FISH (fluorescence).
- Brightfield CISH allows for better visualization of tissue structures.
- CISH signals do not fade overtime like FISH.
- Documentation by visual acquisition is simpler with brightfield than with fluorescent scopes decreasing the evaluation time for CISH vs FISH.
What are the two major categories of fixation?
Fixation by chemical means and fixation by drying.
What are the two most commonly used fluorochromes in IF?
FITC and rhodamine.
What are the two most common enzymes used for Ab visualization?
Horseradish phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase.
How are DAB and AEC commonly used?
To visualize the sites of Ab binding by forming a colored compound.
In Avidin-biotin methods, what follows the primary Ab?
The biotinylated secondary Ab.
How does alkaline phosphatase function in some IHC methods?
The enzyme.
Define fluorochrome.
A dye that absorbs light then emits its own light at a longer wavelength.
How is horseradish peroxidase used in some Avidin-biotin methods?
The enzyme.
What is the most common substrate used for alkaline phosphatase labeled Ab?
Alkaline phosphatase is demonstrated by the use of napthol-AS-phosphate.
What chromogen is commonly used to demonstrate alkaline phosphate?
Fast red-violet LB.
What chromogen is INSOLUBLE in alcohol?
DAB.
If 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) is used as the chromogen, what kind of hematoxylin should be used as the counterstain?
The hematoxylin following AEC must be alcohol free.
How must tissue for immunofluorescence be handled?
Frozen and unfixed because Ag activity will be least impacted.
What is a neoplasm?
A new growth of uncontrolled cell multiplication.
What does a completely negative Vimentin result indicate?
Overfixation in formaln.
Besides the heat employed, what is the other most important factor of HIER?
The composition of the retrieval solution used.
How is ficin used in IHC?
Ficin is one of the proteolytic enzymes used in IHC for EIER.
What is the main benefit of polymeric detection methods?
The serum and Avidin-biotin blocking steps have been eliminated and TAT has been decreased.
What is a “labeled” reagent?
An Ab that is conjugated with fluorophore, enzyme, or biotin.
How do you calculate the Volume of Ab concentrate required?
Volume of ‘Concentrate’ Required = `Volume of Diluted Antibody Desired/
Dilution Factor of Working Solution