Destination Planning

Question 1

Tourism Planning

Answer 1

• Planning is a key element in destinations
• Inadequate planing gma y place limitations on a destinations ability to grow
• Tendency to develop long term projections of possible growth using quantitative methods
• Destinations use physical intellectual and financial resources within a particular governance model to create tourism product
  
  • No single model of or planning tool can adequately represent a destination
• Destinations function most effectively when demand and supply forces are in a state of equilibrium
  
  • If growth occurs, or if there is a crisis balance between demand and supply is influenced
• Proactive planning is able to assist in addressing gaps that occur when demand and supply are imbalanced

Question 2

Contemporary Tourism Planning

Answer 2

• Assumption that growth is always a desirable outcome (not always true)
• Growth can inadvertently cause unwanted environmental and social impacts which may reduce the overall attractiveness of a destination
• Where capacity exists and desire for growth planning is the key process to
  
  • Ensure growth is sustainable
  • Ensure benefits can be spread across local community

Question 3

Integrated Tourism Planning

Answer 3

1. To identity alternate approaches to
   * Marketing
   * Development
   * Industry organisation
   * Tourism awareness
   * Support services and activities
2. To adapt to the unexpected in
   * General economic conditions
   * Energy supply and demand situation
   * Values and lifestyles
   * Fortunes of individual industries
   * Shits in the external environment
3. To maintain uniqueness in
   * Natural features and resources
   * Local culture and social fabric
   * Local architecture
   * Historic monuments and landmarks
   * Local events and activities
   * Parks and outdoor sport areas
   * Other feature of destination area
4. To create
   * High levels of awareness in the benefits of tourism
   * Clear and positive images of the area as a tourism destination
   * Effective industry organisation

Question 4

Seven stage planning model

Answer 4

1. Study preparation
2. Setting aims and objectives
3. Analysis and synthesis
4. Plan formulation
5. Recommendations
6. Implementations
7. Monitoring and adjustment

Question 5

Stage one: Study preparations

Answer 5

• Political process: determine the overall parameter of the project
• Issues dealing with sustainability
• Institutions responsibilities
• Development versus preservation
• Impacts
• Emerging trends

Question 6

Stage Two: Aims and objectives

Answer 6

• Seek stakeholder (community/business) input
• Allow adjustment through an interactive process
• Dealing with clashes between public and private interests

Question 7

Stage Three: Analysis and Synthesis

Answer 7

• Collect data from research
• Analyses the areas situation: demand, supply and the industry
• Draws together data and produces position statement

Question 8

Stage Four: Plan formulation

Answer 8

• Formulation of policies concerned with economic strategies, marketing, HR development, environmental conservation, investment or organisation
• Integrated development options: not a single plan but a number of alternatives

Question 9

Stage Five: Recommendations

Answer 9

• Preparation of final plan in terms of:
  
  • Tourism development regions/zones
  • Transportation links
  • Infrastructure
  • Tourism attractions
  • Labour skills
  • Investment levels and sources
  • Environmental and cultural conservation
  • Organisation and legislation

Question 10

Stage Six: Implementation

Answer 10

• Preparation of a schedule of tests to be completed within prescribed time frames and period for review and revision
• Action from
  
  • Investors
  • Public sector
  • Infrastructure providers

Question 11

Stage Seven: Monitoring and Adjustment

Answer 11

• Creation of an agency with the responsibility to ensure the finalised plan is monitored and that on-going supervision to ensure the plan remains relevant and feasible
• Effective monitoring is completed using measurement tools such as indicators

Question 12

Why is it important to monitor the effectiveness of tourism planning?

Answer 12

• To ensure tourism is integrated into communities in a sustainable manner
• To ensure key aims and objectives of the tourism plan are being achieved
• To provide baseline measurements to review and alter plans based on extenuating circumstances
• To evaluate how tourism is coexisting with other planning schemes such as transport
• To uncover new strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to a destination

Question 13

Monitoring: The benefits of indicators

Answer 13

• Better decision making
• Lower costs and risks
• Identify limits and opportunities
• Identification or emerging risks - prevention
• Identification of impacts - corrective action
• Performance measurement of the implementation of development plans and management actions
• Greater public accountability, better communication
• Constant monitoring - continuous improvement

Question 14

Types of sustainable Tourism Indicators

Answer 14

• Early warning indicators (species disappearance)
• Indicators of stresses on the system (crime rates)
• Measures of current state of tourism (occupancy, satisfaction)
• Measures of tourism impacts (deforestation rates, change in property prices)
• Measures of management efforts (clean up cost, repairs)
• Measure of management effect and performance (changed pollution levels, more returning tourists)

Question 15

Types of sustainable tourism indicators

Answer 15

Quantitative measurements

* Raw data
* Ratios
* %

Qualitative/normative measurements

* Category indicies
* Normative indicators
* Nominal indicators
* Opinion-based indicators

Question 16

Sustainability indicators

Answer 16

• To identify and measure the entire range of impacts (environment, social and economic) that tourism can have in a particular area or society
• Accurate information is needed for responsible decision making
• Sustainability indicators are information sets which are formally selected for a regular use to measure changes in key assets and issues of tourism destinations and operations

Question 17

Procedure for the development of indicators. Research and organisation. Part 1

Answer 17

1. Definition/delineation of the destination
2. Use of participatory processes
3. Identification of tourism assets and risks; situation analysis
4. Long-term vision for a destination

Question 18

Procedure for the development of indicators. Indicators Development. Part 2

Answer 18

6. Selection of priority issues and policy questions
7. Identification of desired indicators
8. Inventory of data sources
9. Indicators selection

Question 19

Procedure for the development of indicators. Implementation of indicators. Part 3

Answer 19

9. Evaluation of feasibility/implementation procedures
10. Data collection and analysis
11. Accountability and communication
12. Monitoring and evaluation of results

Question 20

12 Baseline Issues

Answer 20

1. Local satisfaction with tourism
2. Effects of tourism on communities
3. Sustaining tourist satisfaction
4. Tourism seasonality
5. Economic benefits of tourism
6. Energy management
7. Water availability and conservation
8. Drinking water quality
9. Sewage treatment (wastewater management)
10. Solid waste management (garbage)
11. Development control
12. Controlling use intensity

Question 21

What is scenario planning?

Answer 21

• Scenario planning is the capability of organisation to understand their business environment, to think through what this means to them and then to act upon this new knowledge
• Scenarios are a range of pictures and stories of the future that are constructed using drivers and trends that shape the future
• Sceanarios providencia alternative views of the future.. They identify some significant events, main actors and their motivations, and the convey how the world functions
• Ona practical leve, it is just about crystal ball gazing and estimating the future

Question 22

Scenario classification

Answer 22

1. Possible future change
   * Modifications to government policy
   * Private sector investment policy
   * Change of directions of prevailing trends
2. Probable futures
   * Likely to occur when current trends are allowed to continue without intervention
3. Undesirable futures: avian flue, demand declines, firms are bankrupted
4. Improbable futures: does not appear possible with the current understanding of science, economics or the state of civil society
5. Desirable futures: deems to be worth acceptable when new policies are implemented

Question 23

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Answer 23

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