Design Technology Flashcards
Anthropometric Data
Aspect of ergonomics - deals with body measurements e.g. size, strength…
Static Data
Human body measurements when subject is still i.e. height
Measured with:
- Callipers, stadiometer, anthropometer.
Dynamic data
Measurements when subject is moving.
i.e. reach, grip, reaction times.
Measured with:
- Callipers, stadiometer, anthropometer.
5th + 99th Percentile
Population stereotypes + mass market target consumers (common features)
50th Percentile
Model Person + common physical features
- Mass market products
Extreme User Population
extreme physical features (tailored)
Psychological Factors
User: feel/respond emotionally
Physiological Factors
physical characteristics to optimise user safety + health + performance
Biomechanics
Research + Analysis of how living organisms work.
Design for discomfort
Product intended to cause discomfort
Green Design
Zero negative impact
production -> disposal
Six R’s
Re-use - products like paper
Recycle - disassemble into raw materials
Repair - when broken down
Recondition - returns to manufacturer
Re-engineer - redesign (effectiveness)
Refuse - consumer’s awareness
Fossil Fuels Pollutants
Sulphur -> acid rain
CO2 -> additional = excess heat
Clean Coal
washed to remove impurities
Wet Scrubbers + Fuel gas removers
Remove Sulphur with limestone spray
Lo-Nox Burners
reduce nitrogen oxide by charged particles
Bio-Fuels
Vegetable oils + Internal combustion engines
Bio-mass
by-product of decomposition
e.g. methane gas
Conceptual Modelling
Outline principles, processes + functions
Graphic Modelling
Simplify + present data for further development
Physical Modelling
Production of tangible artefact
-> helps visualise
CAD modelling
virtual prototypes (speed up processes)
Rapid Prototype Manufacture
Array of models with more complexity
Simulated by software
Mathematical Modelling
Use of calculations to plan future costs.
e.g. material requirements
Aesthetic characteristics
Taste
Smell
Appearance
texture
Smart Materials
React to changes in their environment
Ionic Metals
Metal + Metal
Velant Metals
Metal + Non-Metal
Covelant
Non-Metals
Workhardening
Hardening by manipulating shape in particular way.
Tempering (Metals)
heated + left to cool = weaker bonds
- deformed to desired shape
Composite timber
Man-made Timber with wood adhesives
e.g. MDF
Thermosetting
Cast/Modelled once
Thermoplastic
Cast/remodelled many times
Polypropylene (PP)
tough
e.g. ropes
Polyethylene (PE)
synthetic + most used
e.g. plastic bags
High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
tough, rigid
e.g. toys, packaging
Acrylonitrile - Butadiene - Styrene (ABS)
resistant (heat, chemicals) + low cost
e.g. battery cases
Polyethylene Terephalate (PET)
water/moisture resistant
e.g. soft drink containers
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Flexible + strong + easily sterilised
e.g. medical appliances
Urea - Formaldehyde
Toxic + cancerous -> Vapour emitted
Malemine Resin
Stiff + hard
e.g. protective layers
Epoxy Resin
Insulant + multi purpose
e.g. wire insulator
Additive Techniques (Manufacture)
adding materials e.g. 3D printer
Subtractive Techniques (Manufacture)
remove material e.g. Milling machines
Shaping Techniques (Manufacture)
Changing physical shape
e.g. moulding, laminating
Joining Techniques (Manufacture)
permanent -> glueing riveting
Temporary -> nuts + bolts, Velcro.
Intellectual Property (IP)
ownership of intangible goods
Patents
Protects functional expressions (20 years)
Copyright
protects works of authorship
e.g. paintings
Trade Mark (TM)
identifies + distinguishes sources
Design Patent
protection of physical (14 years)
- easy to issue
Utility Patent
protects function (20 years)
- difficult to issue
Service Mark
Identification associated to a service
Process Innovation
Implementing new production + delivery methods e.g. equipment
Strategic Design
future orientated = increase innovation
Architectural Innovation
improvements in how we assemble components e.g. flexible manu. systems a
ROGER’s characteristics of innovation and consumers
Relative advantage
-> perception product
Compatibility
-> consistent with customers needs/expectations
Complexity (Simplicity)
-> easy use of product
Observability (Visibility)
-> product seen as beneficial/an advantage
Trialability
-> Opportunity for customers to experiment product prior purchase.
Categories of consumers
Innovators - first (risk takers)
Early adopters - 2nd fastest
Early Majority - 3rd group after feedback
Late Majority - Adopt after market established
Laggards - Last, prefer traditions + no risk
Classic Design
Image - recognizable
Status/culture
Obsolence -defies it
Mass production
Ubiquitous/Omnipresent (constant presence)
Dominant - marketplace
Form vs Function
form follows function
e.g. hammers
User Centred design
design targetted to user’s demands + interaction with it
Process is Iterative
Usability (product)
product acceptance, know your target users.
e.g. ease of use
User Population
general characteristics of whole user group
Physio-pleasure
sensory organs
e.g. the feel of a product
Psycho-pleasure
emotional/mental reactions
e.g. social interactions
Socio-pleasure
Emotional reactions to interactions about product.
e.g. Society + status
Ideo-Pleasure
satisfying tastes/cultures…
e.g. aesthetically pleasing
Triple Bottom line Sustainability
environmental
- negative impact
Economic
-no negative impact on economy
Social
- no negative impact on society
Decoupling
disconnecting economic growth with env. impact
-> economy grows without increase in env. impact
Kyoto protocol
International agreement
-> emission reduction targets
negative
-> heavy impact on developing countries
(Japan, 1997)
Sustainable reporting
documents companies release:
- impact by energy activities
advantages
-> goals + manage change
Integrated reporting
recent development
- combines financial + non-financial performance
Product stewardship
Focuses on product life cycle.
Manu. -> recycling + design
Customers -> proper disposal
Sustainable consumption
products/services meet sustainability requirements.
Sustainable design
- eco design
- analyse impact through life cycle
- considers sustainability
Datchefski’s Principles (5)
Solar - energy to produce a product/service/system should be renewable.
Safe – products must be made with non-toxic materials.
Social – the product has to be good for consumers/communities and the workers/manufacturers.
Efficient - the product must use the least amount of raw materials = reduce waste.
Cyclic – using recycled materials or recycling the materials used.
Sustainable Innovation
services/systems eco-friendly
- lowers costs
disadvantages
- radical change (costly)
Top-down strategies
Top = Global/national
targets + management of resources
Designers
-> less investment + predictable
Bottom-up Strategies
Bottom = Local + regional
e.g. planting trees campaign
Designers
-> enthusiasts + risk takers
Government1 Intervention in Innovation
1) Regulation - limits
2) Education - info e.g. labels
3) Taxes - penalise = costly
4) Subsides - Support sustainable innovations
Energy Security
influenced by energy demand + supply trends
Energy Demand
Not constant
Responsibility on those who manage and generate elec.
Market Development
selling products to a wider audience = increase sales
Geographic Segmentation
nations, regions
Demographic Segmentation
age, gender, occupation
-tailored to individual
Behavioral Segmentation
usage rate, response…
Psychographic Segmentation
studying activities/opinions
Occasional Segmentation
impulse buyers
Segmentation by benefits
Customers perceived by benefits
Cultural Segmentation
purchase based on culture
4 P’s
Product - maintain quality
Place - implications of selling
Price - strategies (types)
Promotion - awareness
Registered Design
Protects appearance
- new design
- industrially applied
Advantages
- right to owership
Lean Production
assembly line methodology ‘just in time’ production strategy
Lean Management
Continuous improvements
Long-term = small -> big changes
Lean manufacturing
Eliminate waste + wasteful activity
Value stream mapping
Lean tool
- Document + analyse + improve flow of info + materials needed
Advantage
-> used at broader level
-> identifies focus
Six sigma
Management technique
- evaluates efficiency using statistic analysis
- manufacture products with no defects (3.4 per 1mill)
Advantage
-eliminates wasteful practices
-reduce production costs
Work Flow analysis
Review processes + improve business (consultants do it)
Main factors
1) tech. advances = less costs
2) Overlook tasks for improv.
Product Family Matrix
Groups products in Families.
1) Products - left column
2) process steps from customer to production
3) common process steps
= product family
Downstream
- closer to consumer
Upstream
- closer to raw materials
Kaizen
(by Masaak Imai)
Continuous movement
= competitive strategy
Principles:
1) good processes
= good results
2) Speak with data + manage
with facts
3) Correct causes of
problems (actions to
contain)
4) Work as team
Small changes over time
= big results
5 S’s
Determine approaches to business through Standards
Sort - needed vs not
Straighten - arrange, identify
Shine - clean = safety
Standardise - revisit first 3 S’s
Sustain - keep to rules
Advantages
- improve safety
- sense of involvement
- Reduces waste e.g. stock
- improved performance
Seven Wastes
1) Overproduction - costly
2) Waiting - processes slow
3) Transportation - moving
4) Inappropriate processing
- elaborative + costly
5) Unnecessary motion
6) Defects - inspections
7) Excessive inventory
Zero Defects
+ Zero Inventory (ZIPS)
- Strives for prefect production (0 defects)
- time inventory control system (waste = eliminated)
CIM (Comp. Int. Man.)
- Supports lean production systems
- work flow analysis required
- included in ZIPS
e.g.
raw materials stored in automated systems
-> picked when needed
-> no need for human involv.
Quality Management
Ensured product/service is consistent
- focus on quality
- oversee tasks to maintain it
Economic Viability
When project proves it is economically viable
- innovative + sustainable
- positive impact on society
+ environment
1) Funding + profits
2) Operation costs
3) integrate project into wider scales
4) Adapt to future changes
5) Robust economic models
