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Epidemiology HS 301 > Design Strategies and Statistical Methods in Descriptive Epidemiology > Flashcards

Design Strategies and Statistical Methods in Descriptive Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Study design

A

program that directs the researcher along the path of systematically collecting, analyzing, and interpeting data

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2
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

organizes, summarizes, and describes epidemiologic data by person, place, and time; characterizes the distribution of health-reltaed states/events by who, what, when, where

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3
Q

Types of descriptive studies

A

ecologic studies
case reports
case series
cross-sectional surveys

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4
Q

Ecologic

A

involves aggregate data and makes comparisons across large populations

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5
Q

Case reports

A

involves profile of a single individual

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6
Q

Case series

A

involves small gorup of patients with similar dx

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7
Q

Cross sectional survey

A

conduted over a short period of time with no follow-up period and the unit of analysis is the individual

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8
Q

Serial survey

A

cross-sectional surveys that are routinely conducted

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9
Q

Common serial surveys include

A

US census, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

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10
Q

Types of data

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Discrete
Continuous

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11
Q

Nominal examples

A

sex, diseases (yes/no), race, marital status, education status

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12
Q

Ordinal examples

A

preference rating (agree, neutral, disagree)

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13
Q

Discrete examples

A

number of cases

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14
Q

Continuous examples

A

dose of ionzing radiation

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15
Q

Nominal

A

Categorical – unordered categories

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16
Q

Ordinal

A

Categorgical – ordering informative

17
Q

Discrete

A

Quantitative – integers

18
Q

Continuous

A

Quantitative – values on a continuum

19
Q

Ratio formula

A

X/Y x 10^

20
Q

Ratio

A

the values of x and y are independent; x is not contained in y; rate base is 1

21
Q

Proportion

A

x is contained in y; typically expressed as a %; rate base is 100

22
Q

Rate

A

a proportion with the addition that it represents the number of health-related states or events in a population over a specified time period

23
Q

Rate equations

A 
incidence rate
mortality rate
attack rate
person-time rate
secondary attack rate
prevalence proportion
case-fatality rate
24
Q

Incidence rate

A

new cases / population at risk x 10n

25
Q

Mortality rate

A

deaths during a period/population from which death occured x 10n

26
Q

Attack rate

A

new cases occuring during a short-time period / population at risk x 10n

27
Q

Person-time rate

A

number of cases during observation period / time each person observed totalled for all persons x 10n

28
Q

Secondary attack rate

A

new cases among contacts of primary cases / poplation at beginning of time-period - primary cases x 10n

29
Q

Prevelenace population

A

new and existing cases of disease / total study of population x 10n

30
Q

Attack rate (cumulative incidence rate)

A

diseases or events that affect a larger group of the population

31
Q

Crude rate is calculated without any _____ and is limited upon comparison between_____ because of _____.

A

restrictions (age or sex) on who is counted in the numerator or denominator; subgroups of the population; confounding factors (age-distribution between groups)

32
Q

Age-adjusted Rate

A

adjusting for differences in the age distribution among a population to eliminate confounding factors

33
Q

Two methods for calculating age-adjusted rates

A

direct and indirect

34
Q

SMR

A

standarized morbidity ratio

35
Q

SMR formula

A

SMR = Observed/expected

36
Q

confounding

A

the distortion of the association between an exposure and health outcome by an extraneous, third variable

37
Q

confounding examples

A

age
sex
educational level
smoking

38
Q

confounder (confounding variable/lurking variable)

A

an extrinsic variable that distorts the outcome of what is being studied

39
Q

spurious association

A

caused by a third factor (confounder) that is not apparent at the time of examination

Epidemiology HS 301 (9 decks)

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