Clinical Epidemiology

Question 1

clinical epidemiology

Answer 1

focuses on patients and the application of epidemiological methods to assess the efficacy of screening, diagnosis, and treatmnent in a clinical setting

Question 2

what is a simple measure of prognosis?

Answer 2

case-fatality rate

Question 3

Case fatality rate

Answer 3

incidence cases who die from a disease/condition during a specific time period; good for acute infectious diseases/conditions

Question 4

sensitivity of a screening

Answer 4

proportion of subjects with the disease who have a positive test [TP/(TP+FN)]

Question 5

specifity of a screening

Answer 5

proportion of subjects without the disese who have a negative test [TN/TN+FP)]

Question 6

validity

Answer 6

how well a test measures what exactly it is supposed to measure

Question 7

reliability

Answer 7

the consistency of a test over time–repeatability

Question 8

pro-gnosis (before-knowing)

Answer 8

prediciton of the course of disease for a given patient

Question 9

lead time

Answer 9

difference in time between the date of diagnosis with screening and the date of diagnosis without screening

Question 10

length bias sampling

Answer 10

screening is more likely to detect slower-growing tumors that are less lethal

Question 11

selection bias

Answer 11

caused by choosing non-random, non-representative data for analysis

Question 12

overdiagnosis bias

Answer 12

when screening identifies an illness that would not have shown clinical signs before a person’s death from other causes

Question 13

avoiding bias

Answer 13

use the randomized control trial

Question 14

Screening

Answer 14

intended to improve the prognosis of diagnosed cases; important for chronic disease

Question 15

lead time bias

Answer 15

the survival time is improved because screening led to the discovery of the disease earlier

Question 16

odds ratio

Answer 16

measure of relative probabilities of disease in case-control studies

Question 17

true positive

Answer 17

indicates that a person has the disease when they do; leads to needed cx and tx

Question 18

false positive

Answer 18

indicates that a person has the disease when in fact they do not; causes unnecessary stress and anxiety

Question 19

true negative

Answer 19

indicates that a person does not have a disease when they don’t; ideal situation

Question 20

false negative

Answer 20

indicates tha a person does not have a disease when they do; creates a false sense of security and lack of needed cx and tx