Design and Automation

Question 1

Cockpit Design

Answer 1

• Gyroscopes introduced in late 1920’s/1930’s
• Cockpit layouts changed from easiest for manufacturer to easiest for pilot in 1930’s
• Early electronic instrumentation in 50’s/60’s
• Human centered design introduced in 1980’s

Question 2

Interface Coding - Shape Coding

Answer 2

Designing control shapes to resemble the devices they operate

Question 3

Interface Coding - Colour Coding

Answer 3

Use of specific colours on controls and displays to enhance distinguishability and convey culturally understood meanings

Question 4

Interface Coding - Location Coding

Answer 4

The arranging of displays and controls to best meet the processing needs of the human operator

Question 5

Pictorial Display

Answer 5

• Attempt to present the pilot with a realistic representation that looks like what it is supposed to represent
• Pictorial realism

Question 6

Proximity Compatibility

Answer 6

Things physically located together if needed to be compared to each other (6 pack of instruments)

Question 7

Attention-Based design principles - minimizing information access cost

Answer 7

How long it takes users to find all the information they need on a display

Question 8

Attention-Based design principles - Proximity Compatibility Principle

Answer 8

When two or more sources must be mentally integrated to complete the task, they should be located together

Question 9

Attention-Based design principles - Principle of Multiple Resources

Answer 9

Processing a lot of information can be facilitated by dividing information across resources such as presenting visual and auditory information concurrently

Question 10

Analog

Answer 10

• Qualitative, continuous information that represents the state of an aircraft attribute in symbolic or pictorial format
• Initially more difficult to read
• Subject to greater interpretation errors when determining precise time

Question 11

Digital

Answer 11

• Quantitative, discrete information that is helpful in determining precise values
• Less mental effort
• Trends are harder to detect

Question 12

Stages of Automation - 1. Information Acquisition, selection, and filtering

Answer 12

• Replaces many cognitive processes of selective attention
• Warning systems and alerts
• Highlighting tools

Question 13

Stages of Automation - 2. Information Integration

Answer 13

• Automation takes several sources of data and presents them in an interpretable way
• Graphics that makes data easier to recognize
• Predictive displays
• Diagnostic expert systems

Question 14

Stages of Automation - 3. Action selection and choice

Answer 14

• Diagnosis is quite distinct from choice
• TCAS

Question 15

Stages of Automation - 4. Control and Action Execution

Answer 15

• Automation may replace levels of the human’s action or control functions
• Autopilot
• Cruise control

Question 16

Trust

Answer 16

• Too low, ignoring GPWS or TCAS
• Too high, blindly following GPS

Question 17

Complacency

Answer 17

Lack of effort and processing of situational awareness as a result of trusting automation too much

Question 18

Automation Problems

Answer 18

• Training and Certification
• Job Satisfaction
• Loss of Human Cooperation
• Function Allocation

Question 19

Technology-centered automation

Answer 19

• Seeks to overcome limitations of human performance by replacing human functioning with machine functioning
• Use automation wherever possible

Question 20

Human-centered automation

Answer 20

• Seeks to enhance the capabilities of, and compensate for, the limitations of human performance
• Not to replace human functioning
• Enhance human effectiveness
• Keep human informed and trained