Descriptive Statistics Flashcards
What is the role of descriptive statistics?
- Describe the sample of research participants
- want to convey the average/central tendency and the spread of data
- can summarise data numerically and graphically
What is the second purpose of statistics?
To use data from a sample to tell us about a population
What is the role of inferential statistics?
- estimating the values is a population from a sample
- to determine whether a relationship between variables is real or due to chance
- to see if differences between groups in an experiment/trial are caused by the treatments applied or due to chance
What are the different types of data/variables?
- categorical/binary (e.g. gender, ethnicity)
- continuous (e.g. age, height, weight)
What are the different levels of measurement?
- nominal (binary and categorical)
- ordinal (order or rank categorised)
- interval ( continuos)
- ratio (continuos)
What is nominal data?
- the data is allocated into named categories only, with no implication of size, value or order
- numbers are used to code the categories of a categorical variable
What is ordinal data?
- categorical data that is ordered (intervals may vary) (e.g. Disease stage, degree of pain)
- can’t have means for these results
- categories are represented by a number or words
What is interval level?
- continuous data measured along a scale with equal interval/meaning
- data are represented by a number
- the scale doesn’t have a true zero point (e.g. blood pressure, time of day)
What is ratio level?
- interval data but with the additional property that ratios are meaningful
- zero has a meaning (e.g. age, height)
- highest level of measurement
What is included in central tendency?
- mode
- median
- mean
What is used to show the dispersion of data?
- range
- inter-quartile range
- standard deviation
Why is dispersion important?
Describes how spread out the data is
What is inter-quartile range?
- the range between the lower quartile (1/4 of the way) and the upper quartile (3/4 of the way)
- the range of measurements for the middle 50% of the population whose values lie between the 25% and 75%
What is standard deviation?
The average distance, or deviation, of each value from the mean
How do you describe nominal data numerically?
- data can only be summarised as frequencies or percentages
- central tendency is represented by the mode (bi-modal or multi-modal)
- the spread of data is not applicable