Descriptive Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of descriptive statistics?

A
  • Describe the sample of research participants
  • want to convey the average/central tendency and the spread of data
  • can summarise data numerically and graphically
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2
Q

What is the second purpose of statistics?

A

To use data from a sample to tell us about a population

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3
Q

What is the role of inferential statistics?

A
  • estimating the values is a population from a sample
  • to determine whether a relationship between variables is real or due to chance
  • to see if differences between groups in an experiment/trial are caused by the treatments applied or due to chance
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4
Q

What are the different types of data/variables?

A
  • categorical/binary (e.g. gender, ethnicity)

- continuous (e.g. age, height, weight)

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5
Q

What are the different levels of measurement?

A
  • nominal (binary and categorical)
  • ordinal (order or rank categorised)
  • interval ( continuos)
  • ratio (continuos)
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6
Q

What is nominal data?

A
  • the data is allocated into named categories only, with no implication of size, value or order
  • numbers are used to code the categories of a categorical variable
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7
Q

What is ordinal data?

A
  • categorical data that is ordered (intervals may vary) (e.g. Disease stage, degree of pain)
  • can’t have means for these results
  • categories are represented by a number or words
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8
Q

What is interval level?

A
  • continuous data measured along a scale with equal interval/meaning
  • data are represented by a number
  • the scale doesn’t have a true zero point (e.g. blood pressure, time of day)
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9
Q

What is ratio level?

A
  • interval data but with the additional property that ratios are meaningful
  • zero has a meaning (e.g. age, height)
  • highest level of measurement
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10
Q

What is included in central tendency?

A
  • mode
  • median
  • mean
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11
Q

What is used to show the dispersion of data?

A
  • range
  • inter-quartile range
  • standard deviation
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12
Q

Why is dispersion important?

A

Describes how spread out the data is

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13
Q

What is inter-quartile range?

A
  • the range between the lower quartile (1/4 of the way) and the upper quartile (3/4 of the way)
  • the range of measurements for the middle 50% of the population whose values lie between the 25% and 75%
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14
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

The average distance, or deviation, of each value from the mean

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15
Q

How do you describe nominal data numerically?

A
  • data can only be summarised as frequencies or percentages
  • central tendency is represented by the mode (bi-modal or multi-modal)
  • the spread of data is not applicable
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16
Q

What is a frequency table?

A
  • summarises all of the data visually

- in the text focus on important findings

17
Q

When are cross tabulations used?

A

Frequency tables can also be used to illustrate the relationships between categorical variables

18
Q

How do you describe ordinal data numerically?

A
  • central tendency can be given as the mode and/or median
  • short scales are often treated as simply nominal data and displayed using frequency tables
  • spread of data can be described via the range and/or inter-quartile range
19
Q

How is nominal and ordinal data graphically described?

A

Bar chart

20
Q

How do you numerically describe interval/ratio levels?

A
  • central tendency can be described using mode, median and mean
  • spread of the data can be described via the range, inter-quartile range and/or standard deviation
21
Q

How do you graphically describe interval/ratio level data?

A

Frequency distribution (histograms)

22
Q

Why are histograms used to describe interval/ratio level data?

A

Used to illustrate the shape of the distribution of values in the data

23
Q

What is a parametric histogram?

A

Normal disrribution

24
Q

What is non-parametric histogram?

A

Skewed distribution, can be positively or negatively skewed

25
Q

What is normal/parametric distribution?

A
  • distinctive bell shaped curve with values symmetrical about the mean
  • normal distribution: 68% within 1 SD of the mean, 95% within 2 SD, 99.7% within 3 SD
  • occurs naturally; many human attributes plot on a normal distribution
26
Q

What is a skewed/non-parametric distribution?

A
  • the most frequent scores are clustered at one end of the scale
  • numbers fall mainly below the mean = distribution is positively skewed
  • numbers fall mainly above the mean = distribution is negatively skewed
  • mean, median and mode aren’t the same
27
Q

What is the confidence intervals for the mean?

A
  • an estimated range of values around the sample mean which are likely to include the Unknown population mean
  • if many independent samples were taken from the sample population, the a certain percentage of the intervals will include the population mean
  • normally 95%
28
Q

What is the first purpose of statistics?

A
  • to summarise data that has been collected about/from a group of participants