Descriptive Psychopathology Flashcards
What is a hemiplegic gait?
asymmetrical gait with one lib normal whilst one is spastic thus affected limb held in extension and foot drag may be present or affected leg swings round, in circumduction to prevent foot drag
What is a Diplegic gait?
asymmetrical gait with bilateral abnormal limbs which are stiff and held in extension with feet inverted and internally rotated and legs overlapping when walking
What is a Parkinsonian gait?
Short-stepping, shuffling gait with minimal arm swinging and difficulty in stopping and starting
What is a High-stepping gait?
Gait with high stance phase due to weakness of tibialis anterior supplied by deep peroneal nerve
What is an Ataxic gait?
Broad-based, unsteady gate with foot stamping which may require a walking aid
What is a Trendelenburg gait?
Gait with compensatory swinging to prevent foot dragging due to weakness in hip abductors on the contralateral side which stabilise the pelvis during the stance phase
What is a sensory gait?
Gait with impaired proprioception due to peripheral sensory nerve impairment
What is a hyperkinetic gait?
Normal gait with involuntary choreic movements such as oro-facial dyskinesia or choreic movements
What is a choreiform gait?
Normal gait with involuntary choreic movements such as oro-facial dyskinesia or choreic movements
What is an antalgic gait?
Gait appears painful with shortened time in stance phase on affected leg
What is reduced psychomotor activity?
Decreased motor behaviour secondary to psychiatric components which is mostly non-goal orientated
What are the two types of reduced psychomotor activity?
- Retardation (= Slowing down of psychic and motor activity)
* Stupor (= Extreme state of motor retardation characterised by akinesis and mutism with preserved consciousness)
What is increased psychomotor activity?
Increased motor behaviour secondary to psychiatric components which is mostly non-goal orientated
What are the two types of increased psychomotor activity?
- Hyperactivity (= Increased motor activity which is goal-orientated and associated with pressured speech and distractibility)
- Agitation (= Increased motor activity which is non-goal-directed and the individual is distressed)
Explain the difference between mood and affect?
Mood is the prolonged emotional state, the ‘climate’, whilst affect is the overall emotional state, the ‘weather’.
State the different types of mood and affect
Depression
Irritability
Anxiety
Panic attacks
Apathy
Affective blunting
Elation
Emotional lability
Euphoria
Ecstasy
What is depersonalisation?
feeling detached from yourself
What is derealisation?
disconnected from reality
What is micropsia?
Smaller images
What is micropsia?
Larger images
What is dysmegalopsia?
Altered shape
What is the difference between a hallucination and an illusion?
Illusion is misinterpretation of a stimuli present and hallucination is a false perception in the absence of a stimuli
State the main types of hallucination.
Auditory
Visual
Tactile
Gustatory
Olfactory
Functional
Doppleganger
Extracampine
What is thought blocking?
Complete interruption and pause of speech prior to expressing speech
What is retardation in thought?
Thinking is slowed, and idea generation is reduced
What is flight of ideas?
Ideas follow rapidly, spontaneously and connections are understandable
What is poverty of speech?
Restriction in speech – brief, concrete and unelaborated
What is a neologism?
New word or phrase which cannot be understood
What is poverty of content of speech?
Speech is adequate in amount but lacking in substance/amount
What is circumstantiality?
Flow of thought disorder where speech includes tedious detail thus is indirect and delayed in reaching the goal
What is tangentiality?
Thoughts and speech are oblique, tangential and loose
What is derailment?
Ideas follow rapidly, spontaneously and connections are understandable (FOI) or completely unrelated (LA)
What is a delusion?
Fixed, false beliefs which is contradictory with patient’s sociocultural background
What are the categories of a delusion?
- 1º Delusion = incomprehensible and psychologically irreducible
- 2º Delusion = Comprehensible and psychologically reducible
What are the types of delusions (by content)?
Bizarre
Grandeur
Reference
Persecution
Guilt
Hypochondriacal
Love
Nihilistic
Infidelity
Double
Infestation
Shared
What are overvalued ideas?
Isolated, pre-occupied beliefs resulting in a strong affective response as a consequence of threat to loss of goal/objective of belief
What are obsessions?
Recurrent intrusive ideas, thoughts and beliefs which are recognised as the person’s own thoughts
What is thought alienation?
Involuntary thoughts and beliefs which are external and alien, not intrinsic from their own mind
What is thought echo?
Repetition of thought
What is thought broadcasting?
Diffusion of thought
What is thought withdrawal?
Removal of thought
State the main types of cognition
Comatose (= in a state of unconsciousness/coma)
Lethargic (= fatigued and tired)
Somnolent (= drowsy)
Clouded (= slightly less wakeful than usual but aware of surroundings)
Alert (= full state of consciousness)
State the main types of judgement
Abnormal (= poor judgement)
Impaired (= hindered judgement)
Normal (= judgement is normal)
How would you take a Psychiatric History?
ASEPTIC + usual history
Appearance + Behaviour
Speech
Emotion: Mood and Affect
Perception
Thought
Insight
Cognition
