Descriptive Psychopathology Flashcards by Unknown J

What is a hemiplegic gait?

asymmetrical gait with one lib normal whilst one is spastic thus affected limb held in extension and foot drag may be present or affected leg swings round, in circumduction to prevent foot drag

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What is a Diplegic gait?

asymmetrical gait with bilateral abnormal limbs which are stiff and held in extension with feet inverted and internally rotated and legs overlapping when walking

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What is a Parkinsonian gait?

Short-stepping, shuffling gait with minimal arm swinging and difficulty in stopping and starting

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What is a High-stepping gait?

Gait with high stance phase due to weakness of tibialis anterior supplied by deep peroneal nerve

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What is an Ataxic gait?

Broad-based, unsteady gate with foot stamping which may require a walking aid

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What is a Trendelenburg gait?

Gait with compensatory swinging to prevent foot dragging due to weakness in hip abductors on the contralateral side which stabilise the pelvis during the stance phase

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What is a sensory gait?

Gait with impaired proprioception due to peripheral sensory nerve impairment

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What is a hyperkinetic gait?

Normal gait with involuntary choreic movements such as oro-facial dyskinesia or choreic movements

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What is a choreiform gait?

Normal gait with involuntary choreic movements such as oro-facial dyskinesia or choreic movements

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What is an antalgic gait?

Gait appears painful with shortened time in stance phase on affected leg

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What is reduced psychomotor activity?

Decreased motor behaviour secondary to psychiatric components which is mostly non-goal orientated

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What are the two types of reduced psychomotor activity?

Retardation (= Slowing down of psychic and motor activity)

* Stupor (= Extreme state of motor retardation characterised by akinesis and mutism with preserved consciousness)

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What is increased psychomotor activity?

Increased motor behaviour secondary to psychiatric components which is mostly non-goal orientated

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What are the two types of increased psychomotor activity?

Hyperactivity (= Increased motor activity which is goal-orientated and associated with pressured speech and distractibility)
Agitation (= Increased motor activity which is non-goal-directed and the individual is distressed)

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Explain the difference between mood and affect?

Mood is the prolonged emotional state, the ‘climate’, whilst affect is the overall emotional state, the ‘weather’.

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State the different types of mood and affect

Depression

Irritability

Anxiety

Panic attacks

Apathy

Affective blunting

Elation

Emotional lability

Euphoria

Ecstasy

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What is depersonalisation?

feeling detached from yourself

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What is derealisation?

disconnected from reality

What is micropsia?

Smaller images

What is micropsia?

Larger images

What is dysmegalopsia?

Altered shape

What is the difference between a hallucination and an illusion?

Illusion is misinterpretation of a stimuli present and hallucination is a false perception in the absence of a stimuli

State the main types of hallucination.

Auditory

Visual

Tactile

Gustatory

Olfactory

Functional

Doppleganger

Extracampine

What is thought blocking?

Complete interruption and pause of speech prior to expressing speech

What is retardation in thought?

Thinking is slowed, and idea generation is reduced

What is flight of ideas?

Ideas follow rapidly, spontaneously and connections are understandable

What is poverty of speech?

Restriction in speech – brief, concrete and unelaborated

What is a neologism?

New word or phrase which cannot be understood

What is poverty of content of speech?

Speech is adequate in amount but lacking in substance/amount

What is circumstantiality?

Flow of thought disorder where speech includes tedious detail thus is indirect and delayed in reaching the goal

What is tangentiality?

Thoughts and speech are oblique, tangential and loose

What is derailment?

Ideas follow rapidly, spontaneously and connections are understandable (FOI) or completely unrelated (LA)

What is a delusion?

Fixed, false beliefs which is contradictory with patient’s sociocultural background

What are the categories of a delusion?

- 1º Delusion = incomprehensible and psychologically irreducible - 2º Delusion = Comprehensible and psychologically reducible

What are the types of delusions (by content)?

Bizarre Grandeur Reference Persecution Guilt Hypochondriacal Love Nihilistic Infidelity Double Infestation Shared

What are overvalued ideas?

Isolated, pre-occupied beliefs resulting in a strong affective response as a consequence of threat to loss of goal/objective of belief

What are obsessions?

Recurrent intrusive ideas, thoughts and beliefs which are recognised as the person’s own thoughts

What is thought alienation?

Involuntary thoughts and beliefs which are external and alien, not intrinsic from their own mind

What is thought echo?

Repetition of thought

What is thought broadcasting?

Diffusion of thought

What is thought withdrawal?

Removal of thought

State the main types of cognition

Comatose (= in a state of unconsciousness/coma) Lethargic (= fatigued and tired) Somnolent (= drowsy) Clouded (= slightly less wakeful than usual but aware of surroundings) Alert (= full state of consciousness)

State the main types of judgement

Abnormal (= poor judgement) Impaired (= hindered judgement) Normal (= judgement is normal)

How would you take a Psychiatric History?

ASEPTIC + usual history Appearance + Behaviour Speech Emotion: Mood and Affect Perception Thought Insight Cognition