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UEA MEDICINE - YEAR 1 - TERM 1 - WEEK 1 > Describe the different aspects of immunology related to medicine > Flashcards

Describe the different aspects of immunology related to medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Give 5 functional needs of the immune system -

A
  1. Defence against infections
  2. Defence against tumours
  3. Clearance of dead cells and tumours
  4. Immune response
  5. Transplants/new proteins
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2
Q

Give the key features found in produced/found in epithelial cells, the mouth cavity,tears, the ear, the vagina, urethera

A
  • Epithelial cells
    • Defensins
    • Lysozymes
    • Protease inhbitors
  • Mouth
    • Saliva - – lysozymes and antibiotics
  • Tears
    • Salty and lysozymes
  • Ears
    • Cerumen
  • Vagina
    • Acidic secretions
  • Urethera
    • Urine
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3
Q

Give 4 key features of the skin:

A
  • Epidermins - Dead keratinocytes
  • Dermis - Living keratinocytes
  • Langerhans cells - APCs
  • Sebacous glands = oils (antimicrobial fatty acids)
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4
Q

Key 1 features of the upper airway and 1 features of the lower airway

A
  • Upper airway: Mucociliary Escalator
  • Lower airway: Surfacants
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5
Q

What is the purpose of the mucociliary escalator?

A
  • Mucus (via goblet cells) traps pathogens and cilia wafts the mucus.
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6
Q

Give 3 features of the gut which make it a useful external mechanism:

A
  • Low pH
  • Enzyme - Pepsin
  • Normal flora in gut prevents colonisation of pathogens
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7
Q

Give 4 features of both the innate

A
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8
Q

How are forgein substances recognised by the immune system?

A
  • Antigens
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9
Q

Adaptive immunity can be split into type what are they?

A
  1. Humoural Immunity
  2. Cellular Immunity
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10
Q

What is humoural immunity and give the cell type involved?

A
  • Antibody mediated
  • Plasma B-cells = antibodies
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11
Q

Give 4 functions of extracellular antibodies?

A
  • Activate effector cells
  • Aggulutinate pathogens
  • Activate complement
  • Neautralise toxins
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12
Q

What is cellular immunity and what cells/substances does it involve?

A
  • No antibodies
  • phagocytes, CTLs, cytokines
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13
Q
A
  1. Pathogen recongition
  2. Acute inflammatory response
  3. Antigen presentation
  4. CD4+ T-cells activate
  • Humoral
  • Cell mediated
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14
Q

Breakdown the immune cell chart (starting with Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell)

A
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15
Q

Pluripotent Hematopoietic stem cells develop into different types of cells, what are they?

A
  • Myeloid stem cells
  • Lymphoid stem cells
  • Dendritic cells (through various intermediate stages)
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16
Q

Give 2 features of dendritic cells:

A
  • Antigen presentation
  • Found in tissues
17
Q

Myeloid stem cells have develop into 3 types of cells, what are they

A
  • RBCs
  • Platelets
  • Myeloblast stem cells
18
Q

Myeloblast stem cells develop into a precursor cell and then develop into 5 types of cells, what are thet

A
  • Promyelocytes
    • Neutrophil
    • Eosiniophil
    • Basophil
    • Monocytes/Macrophages
    • Mast cells
19
Q

Give 2 features of neutrophils:

A
  • Phagocytosis/bactericidal mechanisms
  • Contain granules
20
Q

Give 1 feature of eosinophils:

A
  • Killing of parasites and bacteria - secretion of toxic proteins and free radicals
21
Q
A
22
Q

Give 2 features of basophils:

A
  • Killing of parasites
  • Release histamine
23
Q
  • Phagocytosis/bactericidal mechanisms
  • Antigen presentation
  • Release cytokines
  • Can leave the circulatory system
A
24
Q

Give 3 features of mast cells:

A
  • Killing parasites
  • Release histamine
  • Found in mucus membranes/connective tissue
25
Q

Lymphoid stem cells develop into 3 types of cells what are they?

A
  • B-cells
  • T-cells
  • NKCs
26
Q

Give 3 features of B-cells:

A
  • Orginate and mature in bone marrow/migrate to secondary lympohoid tissue
  • Express membrane bound antibodies
  • Differentate into:
    • Plasma cells
    • Memory B-cells
27
Q

Give 3 features including the types of T-cells with their function included:

A
  • Orginate in bone marrow, mature in thymus, migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue
  • Express TCRs
  • Types
  1. CD4+
  • TH1 - Activate phagocytes, destruction of extracellular pathogens
  • TH2 - Activate B-cells, destruction of extracellular pathogens
  1. CD8+ - Destruction of host cells infected with virus
28
Q

Give the main function of a NK cell:

A
  • Lyse virally infected cells/ tumour cell
29
Q

Define passive and active immunity:

A
  • Passive immunity: Person given antibodies
  • Active immunity: ​Person produces own antibodies
30
Q

What is the primary immune response and give 3 charactherstic features:

A
  • 1st exposure to antigen
  1. Less antibodies
  2. Slower response (clonal selection and expansion)
  3. Memory B-cells
31
Q

What is the secondary immune response and give 2 charactherstic features:

A
  • Exposed to same antigen
    • Faster response
    • More antibodies produced
32
Q

What is tolerance?

A
  • When the immune system distinguishes between ‘self’ and ‘non-self antigens’
33
Q

What is autoimmunity, give 2 features and 3 examples with each of their consequences

A
  • Breakdown of tolerance
  1. Adaptive immune response attacks self-antigens
  2. B/T cells drive chronic inflammtory process
  • Multiple sclerosis = Neuromuscular dysjunction
  • Crohns Disease = Poor food absorption
  • RA = Pain and inflammation
34
Q

What is immunodeficiency, what does it increase the risk of and give the two types:

A
  • Innate/adaptive immune system impaired
  • Opportunistic infections
  1. Primary immunodeficiency (PID) – inherited
  2. Secondary immunodeficiency (SID) - Acquired
35
Q

What is hypersensivity, give the types and the reason why it might occur?

A
  • Over-reaction to bengin antigen
  • Hypersensitivity types (I-IV)
  • Genetic predisposition = Th cells become more hypesentitive to certain antigens

UEA MEDICINE - YEAR 1 - TERM 1 - WEEK 1 (7 decks)

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