descion making

Question 1

what is choking

who is the author ?

Answer 1

baumister 1984

choking refers to the occurrence of inferior performance in spite of striving and incentives for superior performance

Question 2

reinvestment is …

Answer 2

… the exertion of conscious control over automatic process using the explicit rules that govern the skill

Question 3

what is and who created the reinvestment scale

Answer 3

masters et al, 1993

predicts conscious processing and motor skill failure under stress

Question 4

what was the development rationale for the reinvestment scale

Answer 4

skills have sig cognitive and perceptual components that underpin successful decision making

develop a decision specific scale… measures individual tendency for engaging in conscious decision making

Question 5

what two factors are part of the reinvestment scale ?

Answer 5

1 ) decision reinvestment

• conscious monitoring of the process that produced the decision
  2) decision rumination
• propemsity to focus upon past inaccurate decisions that they have made

Question 6

what happened in the dsrs predicitive validity study 1 ?

Answer 6

59 participants

each participant completed the dsrs
coaches rated players tendency to choke under pressure our of 10

all teams found a strong significant correlation with perceived performance under pressure with dsrs scores

Question 7

what were the aims in the dsrs predicitive validity study 2 ?

Answer 7

examines effects of pressure on performance - role of reinvestment

explore choking phenomena using psychomotor skills

asses the predictive validity of the movement and decision specific reinvestment scale

Question 8

what was the method for the dsrs predicitive validity study 2 ?

Answer 8

15 female students, netball 1st and 2nd team

completed MSRS AND DSRS

PERFORMANCE FOLLOWED ACROSS SEASON

anxiety and performance statistics were calculated

Question 9

what was found about pressure within dsrs predicitive validity study 2 ?

Answer 9

significant overall effect of pressure

interaction effect between pressure and DSRS group

interaction effects between pressure and MSRS group

Question 10

what were the key findings in study 2 ?

Answer 10

significant difference in performance lvels between high and low pressure grouped games and performance measures between high and low reinvesters

performance decrements increase in anxiety

choking mediated by tendency to reinvest and ruminate

DSRS showed greated predictive validity than MSRS in choking in netballe passing

Question 11

what were the aims in the predicitive validity study 3?

Answer 11

looked specifically to isolate decision-making performance

task complexity has been shown to moderate the relationship between reinvestment and choking

investigate relationship between DSRS scores and performance decrements under pressure on a basketball choice prediction task of varying complexities

Question 12

what was the method for the predicitive validity study 3 ?

Answer 12

basket ball players

3 (pressure) x 2 (task complexity) repeated measures design

manipulation involed video/monetary/ peer

Question 13

key findings of predicative validity study 3 ?

Answer 13

findings indicated promising psychometric properties of the scale

identify those individuals more prone to impaired decision making under pressure

clearer identification of the potential causes - inform coaches to better tailor interventions/ training

Question 14

what are the effects of ref decision making

Answer 14

make around 137 decisions

often made under intense pressure and often negative scrutiny from players, coaches and fans

Question 15

who undertook the study on ambiguity in referees ?

Answer 15

nevil et al 2002

Question 16

what were the methods and results in study undertaken about ambiguity within referees

Answer 16

40 referees had to make decisions doe 50 typical tackling situations

no results found a unanimous decision by all referees

Question 17

referees are superior to players in a referee decision task ….(author)

but most reported biases are unaffected by referees exertise level

Answer 17

MachMahon et al 2007

Plessner 2005

Question 18

in principle, referees decision making accuracy can be improved via feedback learning even beyond perceptual limitations ….

Answer 18

Jendrushh 2002

Question 19

what other factors influence referees decision making ? (4)

Answer 19

the crowd noise

Home field advantage

their view of the game

colours on the pitch

Question 20

in ambiguous foul situations, the taller player is more likely to be penalised …..

Answer 20

Vab Ququebeke et al 2010

Question 21

key findings of height bias in referees

Answer 21

taller players are favoured less in ambigious situations

effect is magnified in individuals with ruminative tendencies

Question 22

height bias in referees

ruminative thoughts may consume working memory and the resources required to override preconditioned/ unconscious biases using heuristic based strategies or multiple probabilistic cue …..author

Answer 22

Plessner 2009