choking

Question 1

what is choking ?

Answer 1

the inability to perform up to previous exhibited standards - Daniel 1981

Question 2

what are the yips ?

Answer 2

smith 2003

caused by a physiological condition and treated through physical modifications of the sporting action

Question 3

two theories of choking ?

Answer 3

drive and attentional

Question 4

what is the drive theory ?

Answer 4

believe that performance can be affected detrimentally by an increased level of arousal/drive, produced by the desire to perform well under pressure

inverted u - catastrophe - drive arousal/ performance graphs
(spence 1966)

Question 5

what is the attentional drive theories ?

Answer 5

more likely explanation of choking under pressure
divided in to distraction theory (carver 1981)
and self focus theories (baumister 1984)

Question 6

distraction theory ?

Answer 6

pressure induced anxiety will occupy the athletes working memory
create a dual task condition in which anxiety - related thoughts are processed alongside information required for a skill execution.
(carver 1998)

Question 7

processing efficiency theory ?

Answer 7

inefficient processing will affect performance unless the athlete responds with increased effort
(eynsenck 1992)

Question 8

how do significantly high level of anxiety effect performance ? Williams 2002

Answer 8

or completion of cognitive tasks under high ressure is thought to overwhelm the working memory sytem and create a level of processing ineficeny that can nbot be over come by effort alone

Question 9

what is explicit monitoring ?

Answer 9

conscious attempt ensure the correctness of this execution by monitoring the process of performance

Buamister 1984

Question 10

what is reinvestment ?

Answer 10

exertion of conscious control over autonomic processes using explicit rules that govern the skill

Question 11

what did beumister 1984 find out about home success

Answer 11

home success increased within games where there was no potential to win or loose

they also found that home success decreased during decider games — but this is disputed

Question 12

should the effect of explicit monitoring will be moderated by skill level ?

Answer 12

beilock 2004

dual task vs skill focused
novice was found to be more stable than the expert

Question 13

Icing the kicker

Answer 13

Gokdschmied 2010

NFL data

taking time out before pressure kick deceased success rate

increases thinking time

Question 14

Jackson 2006 found that process goals are….

Answer 14

detrimental to performance under pressure

focusing on ones own skill decreases

manipulate conscious control = process goals

Question 15

reinvestment scale

Answer 15

masters 1993

individuals classified as high reinvesters were more likely to suffer skill failure under pressure than low reinvesters

high scores = prone to skill failure of motor skills

Question 16

when will performers engage more in explicit monitoring when….

gray 2004

Answer 16

…. a slump in form

(slump - consistently performing bad)
sleek - cocious they are well within heir performance

set of a tone
slee- terrible at knowing when the tone goes off
slump = trying to conscious control actions

Question 17

what does streak performace cause

Answer 17

grey 2004

less attention to their movement, do know when the tone goes off

Question 18

what does slump performance cause ?

Answer 18

grey 2004

more attention to movement
trying to conscious control actions

Question 19

peak performance will …

Answer 19

contain little evidence of explicit monitoring

ravizza 1977

Question 20

decision specific reinvestment scale

Answer 20

kinrade 201 0

measures movement specific and decision making

not very specific

Question 21

what are the self regulation breakdown in response to ego theat ?

Answer 21

baumister 1997

escape/avoidance
explicit monitoring

risk taking

Question 22

high avoidance % =

Answer 22

lower success rate

Question 23

avoidance behaviour in response time to whistle

Answer 23

smallest time behaviour - want it over and done with - negative thoughts = no success

Question 24

what are the two interventions which target explicit monitoring to prevent choking

Answer 24

adaptation training
beilock 2001

external focus

Question 25

what is adaption training ?

beilock 2001

Answer 25

use of video camera prevented subsequent choking

Question 26

what is external focus ?

Answer 26

5 step strategy: ready, image, focus, execute, evaluate

Question 27

what is implicit learning ?

Answer 27

masters 1992

decreasing explicit knowledge during learning prevented choking

Question 28

what is secondary task intervention ?

Answer 28

lewis 1997

backward counting improved golf putting under pressure

Question 29

what is priming ?

Answer 29

ashford 2010

priming automaticity/ fluency improved hockey performance

Question 30

according to the reinvestment theory and self regulation theory how might you prevent choking within the future ?

Answer 30

preperformance routines
pressure training
focus on strategy
priming

Question 31

what two things does the movement specific reinvestment scale look into ?

Answer 31

movement self consciousness
and
conscious motor processing