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Neuroanatomy > Descending Pathways > Flashcards

Descending Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two modes of motor control?

A

External and internal control

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2
Q

What is external motor control?

A

Sensory guided control of movement

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3
Q

Which parts of the brain are involved in external motor control?

A

Parietal cortex, premotor cortex, cerebellum

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4
Q

What is internal motor control?

A

Non-sensory guided motor control

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5
Q

Which parts of the brain are involved in internal motor control?

A

Prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, basal ganglia

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6
Q

Where do the motor projection fibers that originate in the motor travel through to enter the spinal cord?

A

Through the corona radiata and the internal capsule

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7
Q

What the axons that join cerebral hemispheres called?

A

Commissural fibres

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8
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Axons that connect different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere

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9
Q

What are motor projection fibres?

A

Axons that originate in the motor cortex and leave the cranium

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10
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

Neurons where the cell body originates in the cerebral cortex or brain stem

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of upper motor neurons?

A

Do not transmit impulses directly to the muscles

Glutamatergic

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12
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A

Motor neurons where the cell body originates in the anterior grey column of the spinal cord, the brainstem, or cranial nerve nuclei

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of lower motor neurons?

A

Transmit impulses directly to muscles

Cholinergic

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14
Q

Which type of motor neuron is a first order neuron in descending tracts?

A

Upper motor neurons

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15
Q

Which type of motor neuron is a second order neuron in descending tracts?

A

Lower motor neurons

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16
Q

What is the transduction of sensory fibres that results in muscular action without the input of the brain called?

A

Reflex arcs

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17
Q

Where do pyramidal tracts synapse?

A

Cranial nerves or neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord

18
Q

What do pyramidal tracts control in terms of movement?

A

Voluntary movement

19
Q

Where do most pyramidal tracts originate?

A

Motor cortex

20
Q

Do most pyramidal tracts decussate?

A

Yes

21
Q

What do extra-pyramidal tracts control in terms of movement?

A

Coordination of movement, posture control, muscle tone

22
Q

Where do most extra-pyramidal tracts originate?

A

Brain stem

23
Q

What are the two subtypes of pyramidal tracts?

A

Corticospinal or corticobulbar

24
Q

Where are most cell bodies of pyramidal tracts located?

A

Precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex

25
Q

Where do pyramidal tracts receive input from?

A

Supplementary motor area, premotor cortex fibres, parietal lobe, cingulate gyrus

26
Q

Where do corticospinal pyramidal tracts originate from?

A

Pyramidal neurons of layer 5 of cortex

27
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract receive input from?

A

Motor and pre-motor cortical areas

28
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract travel through on its way to the spinal cord?

A

From cerebral cortex to the internal capsule to the cerebral peduncles to the medullary pyramids

29
Q

What are the two divisions of corticospinal tracts?

A

Anterior corticospinal

Lateral corticospinal

30
Q

What do anterior corticospinal tracts control in terms of movement?

A

Postural control in central axial and proximal muscles

31
Q

What do lateral corticospinal tracts control in terms of movement?

A

Fine movement of ispilateral limbs via control of appendicular muscles

32
Q

Where do anterior corticospinal tracts decussate?

A

Spinal cord

33
Q

Where do lateral corticospinal tracts decussate?

A

Medullary pyramids

34
Q

How do corticobulbar pyramidal tracts differ from corticospinal tracts?

A

Initially follows same pathway but synapses with motor nuclei of cranial nerves in upper pons

Some fibres decussate and others do not

35
Q

What do corticobulbar pyramidal tracts control in terms of movement?

A

Voluntary muscle movement in face

36
Q

What are the four extrapyramidal tracts?

A

Vestibulospinal

Reticulospinal

Rubrospinal

Tectospinal

37
Q

What function are the extrapyramidal tracts involved in, in terms of movement?

A

Involuntary and automatic control of movements, posture, and muscle tone, gross motor movements

38
Q

What symptoms are associated with an upper motor neuron lesion?

A

Spastic paralysis, hypertonia

39
Q

What symptoms are associated with a lower motor neuron lesion?

A

Flaccid paralysis, hypotonia, muscle atrophy, loss of reflexes

40
Q

A lesion on which nuclei cause bulbar palsy?

A

Glossopharyngeal or vagus nuclei

Hypoglossal nuclei

41
Q

A lesion on which nerve causes Bell’s palsy?

A

Lower motor neuron lesion of the facial nerve

Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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