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Neuroanatomy > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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2
Q

What is a tract?

A

Collection of axons in the CNS

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3
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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4
Q

Which part of the brain is the largest?

A

Cerebrum

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5
Q

What percentage of brain mass does the cerebrum make up?

A

83%

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6
Q

What functions does the cerebrum control?

A

Higher functions such as conscious thoughts and intellectual functions

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7
Q

What type of information does the cerebrum process?

A

Somatic sensory and motor information

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8
Q

What embryonic structure does the cerebral cortex develop from?

A

Telencephalon

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9
Q

Which embryonic structure acts as a pivot for cerebral hemispheres to rotate around?

A

Insula

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10
Q

What does the embryonic structure, the insula, do for cerebral hemisphere development?

A

Acts as a pivot for the hemispheres to rotate

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11
Q

At what gestation are frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes identifiable?

A

~14 weeks gestation

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12
Q

Which lobes of the cerebrum are identifiable at 14 weeks gestation?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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13
Q

Which sulci are identifiable at around 28 weeks gestation?

A

Lateral, central, calcarine

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14
Q

At what gestation are the lateral, central, and calcarine sulci identifiable at?

A

~28 weeks

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15
Q

What is grey matter composed of?

A

Neuron cell bodies

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16
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Fibre tracts, neuron axons

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17
Q

Where is grey matter found in the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral cortex and basal nuclei

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18
Q

Where is white matter found in the cerebrum?

A

Deep in cerebrum to cerebral cortex, surrounding basal nuclei

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19
Q

What allows the cerebral cortex to have such a large surface area?

A

Sulci and gyri

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20
Q

What is the total surface area of the cerebral cortex?

A

Around 2200cm^2

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21
Q

Of the total surface area of the cerebral cortex, what proportion is the general surface area?

A

1/3

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22
Q

Of the total surface area of the cerebral cortex, what proportion is hidden in the sulci?

A

2/3

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23
Q

What range of thickness is there for the cerebral cortex?

A

1.5mm to 3mm

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24
Q

Where is the cerebral cortex at its thickest?

A

Over the crest of convolution

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25
Q

Where is the cerebral cortex at its thinnest?

A

At the bottom of sulci

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26
Q

What is the weight of the cerebral cortex?

A

600 grams

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27
Q

What percentage of the total brain weight is composed of the cerebral cortex?

A

40%

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28
Q

What are three types of white matter fibers visible in the cerebrum?

A

Commissural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers

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29
Q

What are commissural fibers?

A

White matter fibers that connect the right and left cerebral hemisphere cortices.

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30
Q

Where is the largest bundle of commissural fibres found?

A

Corpus callosum

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31
Q

What are association fibers?

A

Connect regions of the cerebral cortex within one hemisphere

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32
Q

What are the two subtypes of association fibers?

A

Arcuate and longtitudinal

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33
Q

What do arcuate association fibers do?

A

Connect adjacent gyri

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34
Q

What do longitudinal association fibers do?

A

Connect distant gyri in different lobes

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35
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

White matter fibers that leave the cerebral white matter

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36
Q

What structure do projection fibers form?

A

Internal capsule

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37
Q

Which white matter fibers form the internal capsule?

A

Projection fibers

38
Q

What are the two categories of projection fibers?

A

Corticofugal and corticopedal

39
Q

What are corticofugal projection fibers?

A

White matter fibers that leave the cerebral white matter and terminate in the basal nuclei, brainstem, or spinal cord

40
Q

What are corticopedal projection fibers?

A

White matter fibers that originate in the thalamus and terminate in the cerebral cortex

41
Q

What functional area is Brodmann’s area 4?

A

Primary motor cortex

42
Q

What Brodmann’s area is the primary motor cortex?

A

Brodmann’s area 4

43
Q

What functional area is Brodmann’s area 17?

A

Primary visual cortex

44
Q

What Brodmann’s area is the primary visual cortex?

A

Brodmann’s area 17

45
Q

What Brodmann’s areas are the primary sensory cortex?

A

1, 2, and 3

46
Q

What functional area is represented by Brodmann’s areas 1, 2, and 3?

A

Primary sensory cortex

47
Q

What Brodmann’s areas represent the primary auditory cortex?

A

41, 42

48
Q

What functional area is represented by Brodmann’s areas 41 and 41?

A

Primary auditory cortex

49
Q

What functions does the frontal lobe control?

A

Decision making, voluntary movement control

50
Q

What functions does the parietal lobe control?

A

Sensory and spatial information processing

51
Q

What function does the occipital lobe control?

A

Vision

52
Q

What functions does the temporal lobe control?

A

Memory processing and integration with emotion and sensation

53
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Speech production

54
Q

Which lobe is Broca’s area found in?

A

Frontal

55
Q

Which hemisphere is Broca’s area found in?

A

Left usually

56
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Speech comprehension

57
Q

What lobe is Wernicke’s area found in?

A

Temporal

58
Q

Which hemisphere is Wernicke’s area usually found in?

A

Left

59
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus
- pars triangularis
- pars orbitalis
- pars opercularis

60
Q

What Brodmann’s area is Broca’s area located in?

A

44/45

61
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Posterior superior temporal gyrus

62
Q

What Brodmann’s area is Wernicke’s area located in?

A

22

63
Q

Which gyrus hosts the primary motor cortex?

A

Precentral gyrus

64
Q

What functional area is housed in the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

65
Q

Which gyrus hosts the primary sensory cortex?

A

Postcentral gyrus

66
Q

Which functional area is housed in the postcentral gyrus?

A

Primary sensory cortex

67
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Most anterior part of the frontal lobe

68
Q

Which functional areas is the prefrontal cortex anterior to?

A

Primary motor and premotor areas

69
Q

What functions is the prefrontal cortex important for?

A

Intellect
Planning
Reasoning
Mood
Conscience
Predicting consequences accurately
Judgment

70
Q

Which part of the prefrontal cortex ‘lights up’ on imaging during active thinking?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

71
Q

What behavioural changes occurred to Phineas Gage following an accident that destroyed majority of his left frontal lobe?

A

Started to exhibit inappropriate behaviours in social settings, permanently lost inhibitions, marked personality changes, epilepsy

72
Q

What did Phineas Gage’s accident reveal about the frontal lobe?

A

It is involved in personality

73
Q

What was prefrontal leucotomy also known as?

A

Frontal lobotomy

74
Q

What conditions were treated with frontal lobotomies?

A

Psychiatric and neurological conditions

75
Q

What did a prefrontal lobotomy involve?

A

Drilling a hole into the side of the skill and inserting a leucotome to disrupt brain tissue

76
Q

What did a transorbital lobotomy involve?

A

Inserting a leucotome through bone behind the eyes

77
Q

What risks were associated with lobotomies?

A

Severe physical and intellectual disability, seizures, cognitive impairment

78
Q

What are association areas in the brain?

A

Brain region that receives input from more than one sensory modality

79
Q

The abundance of what brain regions determines intellectual capacity?

A

Association areas

80
Q

What does the abundance of association areas determine?

A

Intellectual capacity

81
Q

How do association areas aid our perception?

A

Enable us to interact with our environment effectively whilst supporting abstract thinking and language

82
Q

What function does the association area in the parietal cortex have?

A

Responding to stimuli in both external and internal environment

83
Q

What function does the association area in the temporal cortex have?

A

Identifying nature of stimuli

84
Q

What function does the association area in the frontal cortex have?

A

Planning appropriate responses to stimuli

85
Q

The combination of association areas allows for what higher-order function?

A

Cognition

86
Q

What is the term for functional differences between left and right hemispheres?

A

Hemispheric lateralisation

87
Q

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

A

Functional differences between left and right hemispheres

88
Q

In most people, which cerebral hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere?

A

Left hemisphere

89
Q

What does the left hemisphere control as the dominant hemisphere (for most people)?

A

Reading, writing, math, decision-making, logic, speech and language

90
Q

What does the right cerebral hemisphere control (for most people)?

A

Recognition of faces and voices, visual/spatial reasoning, emotion

Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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