desarollo urbano LA

Question 1

how are the urbanization rates within LA?

Answer 1

notably difference in urbanization rates across South America, Central America and the Caribbean -> lower urbanization rate in Caribbean due to lower population density and intertwining of urban und rural areas

Question 2

name the 6 topics that needs to be addressed in terms of urbanization

Answer 2

1) Inequality
2) Ethnic dimension of inequality
3) migration
4) Economic dimension
5) Environmental dimension
6) Governance

Question 3

explain the demographic and urban development and its arising issues

Answer 3

rapid transformation from rural to urban areas resulting in a highly urbanized region
-> overwhelmed governments with limited options
-> more spontaneous, market-driven urbanization -> emerge of ecologically unequal, fragil urban areas without long-term vision

Question 4

on what depend the quality of life and access to service?

Answer 4

the city size. larger cities provide better access to services like
- drinking water, sewage disposal
- also newer technologies like computer, internet

Question 5

what is the greatest challenge for the region’s cities?

who does it affect? how does it manifest?

Answer 5

Urban inequality
affecting youth, women and minorities
manifesting in spatial disparities like urban poverty areas, informal settlements and violence

Question 6

how can the correlation between city size and inequality be explained?

Answer 6

larger cities attract skilled and specialized workers, leading to higher incomes, contributing to income inequality and expensive real estate markets
also: they attract especially vulnerable groups like international migrants with limited resources and unemployed people seeking jobs, furhter increasing the competition on labor markets

Question 7

what is higher, urban poverty or rural poverty in LA?

Answer 7

rural poverty abt 25% higher than urban poverty

but at least decrease of 20% from 1990-2014

Question 8

what are the challenges regarding ethnic dimension of Inequality?

Answer 8

indigenous population less urbanized but still half live in cities.
often affected by segregation bc their existence has be denies in some societies
challenges: impoverishment, barriers to access public service, loss of identity

Question 9

was is the challenge of migration?

Answer 9

intra-regional migration require specific policies to integrate populations into society

Question 10

A city should be understood as a space of integration and interaction - what are the important factors for that?

Answer 10

local governments implementing policies to take advantage of the concentration of HC being the engine for economic growth

Question 11

in which areas does the rapid urbanization and growth of cities have a regative impact on the environment ?

Answer 11

1) destruction of ecosystems
2) water scarcity
3) water pollution
4) air pollution
5) climate change
6) unequal distribution of environmental burdens

Question 12

Name Policy Measures to improve the Urban Environmental Situation

Answer 12

• sustainable urban planning (creating green spaces)
• investments in water infrastructure
• expanding public transport, safe cycling and pedestrian pathways
• public awareness and participation

Question 13

so what should cities and their policymakers urgently undertake?

Answer 13

transition to an ecologically sustainable model of urban development to ensure a healthy environment for all citizens.
bc this will create a social and economic sustainble city improving quality of life

Question 14

what is the issue with governance and what is the solution?

Answer 14

local governments lack capacities to tacke the challenges of urbanization & expansion
-> constant interaction between government and social actors to coordinate collective efforts

Question 15

what should be promoted regarding human rights and civic participation?

Answer 15

institutional spaces for consultation & decision-making and promote participatory budgets to engage all participants in city planning

Question 16

positive impacts of the high population concentration on the economy in LA and the Caribbean

3

Answer 16

1) economic growth and productivity, arising from agglomeration advantages
2) Specialization and Diversification -> broader range of products and services -> foster innovation
3) Concentration of (human) capital -> higher education level in urban areas -> economic development and innovation

Question 17

negative impacts of high population concentration on the economy

4 Stück

Answer 17

1) Inequality
2) Diseconomies such as traffic congestion, pollution
3) Informality, leading to lower wages, lack of social security and reduces productivity
4) Infrastructure Challanges such as water supply, transportation, waste disposal and wastewater management

Question 17

name the main 5 social impacts of urban development and breifly explain each

Answer 17

1) Inequality mesured by high Gini-coefficient, more pronounced in urban areas and increasding with city size
2) Poverty as major issue in latam, especially in urban areas
3) Segregation -> high-income individuals concentrate in certain neighborhoods with better access to services and infrastructure
4) Mobility also heavily income-dependet. and limited access to public transit restricts the access to jobs, education
5) Security and the more disadvantaged groups are disproportionately affected by crime

Question 17

Name the economic impacts of the rapid urbanization

3, with 2 subtopics

Answer 17

1) economic concentration: large shre of GDP produced in a few cities
1.1) beenfits of concentration: EOS & agglomeration fostering economic growth. Proxmity of firms and labor enbales sepcialization, innovation and easier access to capital and markets
1.2) challenges of conc.: traffic congestion, pollution, social segregation + drive up living costs and worsen inequality
2.)informal sector : many people without social security or protection
3.) (youth) unemployment

Question 18

name the 5 environmental impacts of urban development

Answer 18

1) Pollution -through increasing urbanization
2) Water Supply and Wastewater Management -access to clean water and sanitation facilities remains inadequate in latam cities
3) Land use -destruction of natural habitats negatively impact the urban climate and biodiversity
4) Waste Management- leading to pollution and health risk
5) Natural Disasters- heightening the population’s vulnerability