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Dermatology > Dermatopathology > Flashcards

Dermatopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Skin

A 
Prevent fluid loss
Protection barrier
Area for heat exchange
Protects against invading microorganisms
Neurological receptor relay system: touch, pressure, temp, pain
Vitamin D synthesis
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2
Q

Four Types of Skin Cells

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel’s cells
Langerhans’s cells

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3
Q

What is the predominant cell of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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4
Q

What happens to the keratinocytes as they move superficially?

A

Change size

Change shape

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5
Q

What is keratin essential for?

A

Protective function of the skin

Is the structure protein of hair & nails

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6
Q

Five Layers of Keratinocytes

A 
Stratum germinativum OR stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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7
Q

Define Stratum Germinativum or Stratum Basale

A

Single layer of columnar cells, undergo mitosis, no migration

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8
Q

Define Stratum Spinosum

A

Two to four layers, cells differentiate

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9
Q

Define Stratum Granulosum

A

Only a few layers, most differentiated

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10
Q

Define Stratum Lucidum

A

Thin, transparent, layer mostly confined to the palms of the hand & soles of feet, transitional cells

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11
Q

Define Stratum Corneum

A

Many layers, dead squamous-type keratinized cells

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12
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

At or in the basal layer

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13
Q

What is the primary function of melanocytes?

A

Protect from UV rays

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14
Q

What do merkel cells function as?

A

Mechanoreceptors: touch receptors

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15
Q

Where are Langerhans’ cells located?

A

Scattered in the supra basal layer of the epidermis

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16
Q

What are Langerhans’ cells responsible for?

A

Recognizing foreign antigens harmful to the body

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17
Q

Define Dermis

A

Connective tissue layer separating the epidermis from the subcutaneous fat layer

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18
Q

What is the dermis mostly composed of?

A

Collagen
Variety of immune cells
Nerves
Blood vessels

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19
Q

What does the subcutaneous tissue consist of?

A

Primarily fat & connective tissues that lend support to the vascular & neural structures supplying the dermis & epidermis

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20
Q

Examples of Skin Appendages

A

Sweats glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair Nails

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21
Q

2 Types of Sweat Glands

A

Eccrine (Merocrine)

Apocrines

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22
Q

Location of Eccrine/Merocrine Sweat Glands

A

Entire body surface

Originate in dermis & open directly to the skin surface

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23
Q

Primary Function of Eccrine/Merocrine Sweat Glands

A

Transport sweat to body surface to regulate body temperature

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24
Q

Location of Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Deep dermal layer

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25
Q

Characteristics of Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Open through hair follicle

Secrete an oily substance

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26
Q

Where are sebaceous glands located?

A

Over entire skin surface except for the palms, soles, and side of feet

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27
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Sebum: lipids, cholesterol, & other substances

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28
Q

Function of Sebaceous Glands

A

Lubricate hair & skin

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29
Q

What does the hair structure consist of?

A

Hair follicle & hair shaft
Sebaceous gland
Hair muscle (arrector pili muscle)
Apocrine gland (sometimes)

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30
Q

What determines hair color?

A

Melanocytes within the bulb

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31
Q

Where is the arrector pili muscle located?

A

Under the sebaceous gland

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32
Q

Define Nails

A

Hardened keratinized plates

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33
Q

Define Eponychium

A

Cuticle

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34
Q

Define Rash

A

Change of the skin affecting color, appearance, and texture

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35
Q

Manifestation of Primary Lesions

A

Arise from previously normal skin

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36
Q

Manifestation of Secondary Lesions

A

Created by another process such as scratching or infection

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37
Q

Types of Primary Lesions

A 
Macule
Patch
Papule
Plaque
Nodule
Tumor
Wheal
Vesicle
Bulla
Pustule
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38
Q

Define Macule

A

Small

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39
Q

Define Patch

A

> 1 cm
Circumscribed, flat, non-palpable changes in skin color
Ex: vitligo

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40
Q

Define Papule

A

Elevated solid lesion with variable color

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41
Q

Define Plaque

A

Flat, elevated surface
> 1 cm
Formed by coalescence of papules
Palpable elevated solid mass

42
Q

Define Nodule

A

0.5-2 cm
Deeper and firmer than a papule
Palpable elevated solid mass

43
Q

Define Tumor

A

Larger than 1-2 cm

Palpable elevated solid mass

44
Q

Define Wheal

A

Somewhat irregular, relatively transient, superficial area of localized skin edema
Palpable elevated solid mass
Ex: mosquito bite, hives

45
Q

Define Vesicle

A

Fluid filled lesion up to 1 cm

46
Q

Define Bulla

A

> 1 cm
Filled with serous fluid
Circumscribed superficial elevations of the skin formed by free fluid in a cavity within the skin layers
Ex: 2nd-degree burn

47
Q

Define Pustule

A

Filled with pus
Circumscribed superficial elevations of the skin formed by free fluid in a cavity within the skin layers
Ex: acne, impetigo

48
Q

Types of Secondary Lesions

A 
Scales
Crust
Erosion
Ulcer
Fissures
Atrophy
Scar
49
Q

Define Scales

A

Abnormal stratum corneum due to accumulation of, or increased shedding of keratinocytes

50
Q

Define Crusts

A

Dried serum, pus, or blood

Pt. Hx reveals wheeping, pus, or blood

51
Q

Define Erosion

A

Partial loss of the epidermis
Doesn’t penetrate beneath dermal-epidermal border
Heals without scarring

52
Q

Define Ulcer

A

Full thickness loss of epidermis & at least some of the dermis, sometimes all of the dermis
Heals with scarring

53
Q

Define Fissures

A

Linear splits in the epidermis & may include the dermis

Usually occurs at an orifice, over a joint, or along skin creases

54
Q

Define Atrophy

A

Depression of the skin surface due to thinning of the epidermis or dermis
Blood vessels can frequently be seen

55
Q

Define Scar

A

Abnormal collection of connective tissue implying injury
Initially thick & pink
Over time becomes white & atrophic

56
Q

Other Skin Lesions & Descriptive Terms

A 
Excoriation
Comedones
Milia
Cyst
Abscess
Burrow
Lichenification
Umbilicated
Telangiectasia
Petechia
Purpura
Keratin horn
Warty/papillomatous
Furuncle
Carbuncle
57
Q

Define Excoriation

A

Localized damage to the skin due to scratching & consists of linear or pinpoint erosions or crusts

58
Q

Define Comedones

A

Plug of sebaceous & keratinized material lodged in opening of hair follicle
Black head: open comedone
White head: closed comedone

59
Q

Define Milia

A

Small, superficial keratin cyst with no visible opening

60
Q

Define Cyst

A

Cavity lined with epithelium containing fluid, pus, or keratin

61
Q

Define Abscess

A

Infected lesion surrounded by a membrane & filled with exudate

62
Q

Define Burrow

A

Narrow, elevated, tortuous channel produced by a parasite

63
Q

Define Lichenification

A

Thickening of the epidermis with increased skin markings due to persistent scratching
Skin lines accentuated

64
Q

Define Umbilicated

A

Surface contains a rounded depression in the center

65
Q

Define Telangiectasia

A

Dilated superficial blood vessels

66
Q

Define Petechia

A

Circumscribed deposit of blood

67
Q

Define Ecchymosis

A

Circumscribed deposit of blood > 0.5 cm

68
Q

Define Keratin Horn

A

Accumulation of abnormal keratin which is usually rough on palpation & difficult to remove

69
Q

Define Warty/ Papillomatous

A

Surface consists of minute finger-like or round projections

70
Q

Define Furuncle (Boil)

A

Skin disease caused by the inflammation of hair follicles

Results in localized accumulation of pus & dead tissue

71
Q

Define Carbuncle

A

Interconnected network of furuncles

72
Q

Distribution Terms

A 
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Sun exposed areas
Intertriginous
Contact areas
Extensor surfaces
Flexural surfaces
73
Q

Define Symmetrical

A

Involves both sides of body to a similar extent

Ex: acne, psoriasis

74
Q

Define Asymmetrical

A

Involves predominantly one side

75
Q

Examples of Sun Exposed Areas

A

Sunburns

Photosensitivity

76
Q

Example of Intertriginous

A

Candidal rash
Development of Candida in the skin grooves
Ex: rash at top of but crack

77
Q

Example of Contact Areas

A

Contact dermatitis

78
Q

Example of a Skin Condition on the Extensor Surfaces

79
Q

Example of a Skin Condition on the Flexural Surfaces

A

Atopic dermatitis

80
Q

Types of Margination

A

Sharp, well defined, or circumscribed

Poorly defined

81
Q

Sharp, Well Defined, or Circumscribed Skin Issues

A

Able to draw a line around it

Transition quickly

82
Q

Poorly Defined Skin Issues

A

Borders that merge into normal skin

Transition over 1 mm

83
Q

Shapes of Skin Lesions

A 
Annular
Arcuate
Iris
Nummular
Serpiginous
Guttate
Morbilliform
84
Q

Describe Annular Shape

A

Ring-shaped with active margin & clear center

Ex: ring worm

85
Q

Describe Arcuate Shape

A

Arched

Bow-shaped

86
Q

Describe Iris Shape

A

Target lesion

87
Q

Describe Discoid Shape

A

Disk-shaped

88
Q

Describe Nummular Shape

A

Coin-shaped

89
Q

Describe Serpiginous Shape

A

Snake-like

90
Q

Describe Guttate Shape

A

Drop-sized

91
Q

Describe Mobilliform Shape

A

Small confluent macules, forming irregular shapes

92
Q

Types of Arrangements

A 
Confluent
Discrete
Generalized or diffuse
Disseminated
Grouped
Reticulated
93
Q

Describe Confluent Arrangements

A

Blending into adjacent lesions

94
Q

Describe Discrete Arrangements

A

Separated by normal skin from other similar lesions

95
Q

Describe Generalized or Diffuse Arrangements

A

Covering most of the designated body surface

96
Q

Describe Disseminated Arrangements

A

Widespread discrete lesions

97
Q

Describe Grouped Arrangements

A

Multiple lesions clustered in one area

Not necessarily blending with each other

98
Q

Describe Reticulated Arrangements

A

In the form of a network

Ex: mottled appearance

99
Q

Palpation Events

A

Smooth
Uneven
Rough

100
Q

Describe Smooth Palpation of the Skin

A

Normal epidermis

101
Q

Describe Uneven Palpation of the Skin

A

Scaly, warty, etc.

102
Q

Describe Rough Palpation of the Skin

A

Sandpaper like

Ex: keratin horn, scarlatiniform rash, crust

Dermatology (13 decks)

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