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Dermatology > Dermatopathology > Flashcards

Dermatopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Skin

A 
Prevent fluid loss
Protection barrier
Area for heat exchange
Protects against invading microorganisms
Neurological receptor relay system: touch, pressure, temp, pain
Vitamin D synthesis
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2
Q

Four Types of Skin Cells

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel’s cells
Langerhans’s cells

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3
Q

What is the predominant cell of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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4
Q

What happens to the keratinocytes as they move superficially?

A

Change size

Change shape

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5
Q

What is keratin essential for?

A

Protective function of the skin

Is the structure protein of hair & nails

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6
Q

Five Layers of Keratinocytes

A 
Stratum germinativum OR stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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7
Q

Define Stratum Germinativum or Stratum Basale

A

Single layer of columnar cells, undergo mitosis, no migration

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8
Q

Define Stratum Spinosum

A

Two to four layers, cells differentiate

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9
Q

Define Stratum Granulosum

A

Only a few layers, most differentiated

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10
Q

Define Stratum Lucidum

A

Thin, transparent, layer mostly confined to the palms of the hand & soles of feet, transitional cells

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11
Q

Define Stratum Corneum

A

Many layers, dead squamous-type keratinized cells

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12
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

At or in the basal layer

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13
Q

What is the primary function of melanocytes?

A

Protect from UV rays

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14
Q

What do merkel cells function as?

A

Mechanoreceptors: touch receptors

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15
Q

Where are Langerhans’ cells located?

A

Scattered in the supra basal layer of the epidermis

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16
Q

What are Langerhans’ cells responsible for?

A

Recognizing foreign antigens harmful to the body

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17
Q

Define Dermis

A

Connective tissue layer separating the epidermis from the subcutaneous fat layer

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18
Q

What is the dermis mostly composed of?

A

Collagen
Variety of immune cells
Nerves
Blood vessels

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19
Q

What does the subcutaneous tissue consist of?

A

Primarily fat & connective tissues that lend support to the vascular & neural structures supplying the dermis & epidermis

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20
Q

Examples of Skin Appendages

A

Sweats glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair Nails

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21
Q

2 Types of Sweat Glands

A

Eccrine (Merocrine)

Apocrines

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22
Q

Location of Eccrine/Merocrine Sweat Glands

A

Entire body surface

Originate in dermis & open directly to the skin surface

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23
Q

Primary Function of Eccrine/Merocrine Sweat Glands

A

Transport sweat to body surface to regulate body temperature

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24
Q

Location of Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Deep dermal layer

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25
Characteristics of Apocrine Sweat Glands
Open through hair follicle | Secrete an oily substance
26
Where are sebaceous glands located?
Over entire skin surface except for the palms, soles, and side of feet
27
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum: lipids, cholesterol, & other substances
28
Function of Sebaceous Glands
Lubricate hair & skin
29
What does the hair structure consist of?
Hair follicle & hair shaft Sebaceous gland Hair muscle (arrector pili muscle) Apocrine gland (sometimes)
30
What determines hair color?
Melanocytes within the bulb
31
Where is the arrector pili muscle located?
Under the sebaceous gland
32
Define Nails
Hardened keratinized plates
33
Define Eponychium
Cuticle
34
Define Rash
Change of the skin affecting color, appearance, and texture
35
Manifestation of Primary Lesions
Arise from previously normal skin
36
Manifestation of Secondary Lesions
Created by another process such as scratching or infection
37
Types of Primary Lesions
``` Macule Patch Papule Plaque Nodule Tumor Wheal Vesicle Bulla Pustule ```
38
Define Macule
Small
39
Define Patch
>1 cm Circumscribed, flat, non-palpable changes in skin color Ex: vitligo
40
Define Papule
Elevated solid lesion with variable color
41
Define Plaque
Flat, elevated surface > 1 cm Formed by coalescence of papules Palpable elevated solid mass
42
Define Nodule
0.5-2 cm Deeper and firmer than a papule Palpable elevated solid mass
43
Define Tumor
Larger than 1-2 cm | Palpable elevated solid mass
44
Define Wheal
Somewhat irregular, relatively transient, superficial area of localized skin edema Palpable elevated solid mass Ex: mosquito bite, hives
45
Define Vesicle
Fluid filled lesion up to 1 cm
46
Define Bulla
> 1 cm Filled with serous fluid Circumscribed superficial elevations of the skin formed by free fluid in a cavity within the skin layers Ex: 2nd-degree burn
47
Define Pustule
Filled with pus Circumscribed superficial elevations of the skin formed by free fluid in a cavity within the skin layers Ex: acne, impetigo
48
Types of Secondary Lesions
``` Scales Crust Erosion Ulcer Fissures Atrophy Scar ```
49
Define Scales
Abnormal stratum corneum due to accumulation of, or increased shedding of keratinocytes
50
Define Crusts
Dried serum, pus, or blood | Pt. Hx reveals wheeping, pus, or blood
51
Define Erosion
Partial loss of the epidermis Doesn't penetrate beneath dermal-epidermal border Heals without scarring
52
Define Ulcer
Full thickness loss of epidermis & at least some of the dermis, sometimes all of the dermis Heals with scarring
53
Define Fissures
Linear splits in the epidermis & may include the dermis | Usually occurs at an orifice, over a joint, or along skin creases
54
Define Atrophy
Depression of the skin surface due to thinning of the epidermis or dermis Blood vessels can frequently be seen
55
Define Scar
Abnormal collection of connective tissue implying injury Initially thick & pink Over time becomes white & atrophic
56
Other Skin Lesions & Descriptive Terms
``` Excoriation Comedones Milia Cyst Abscess Burrow Lichenification Umbilicated Telangiectasia Petechia Purpura Keratin horn Warty/papillomatous Furuncle Carbuncle ```
57
Define Excoriation
Localized damage to the skin due to scratching & consists of linear or pinpoint erosions or crusts
58
Define Comedones
Plug of sebaceous & keratinized material lodged in opening of hair follicle Black head: open comedone White head: closed comedone
59
Define Milia
Small, superficial keratin cyst with no visible opening
60
Define Cyst
Cavity lined with epithelium containing fluid, pus, or keratin
61
Define Abscess
Infected lesion surrounded by a membrane & filled with exudate
62
Define Burrow
Narrow, elevated, tortuous channel produced by a parasite
63
Define Lichenification
Thickening of the epidermis with increased skin markings due to persistent scratching Skin lines accentuated
64
Define Umbilicated
Surface contains a rounded depression in the center
65
Define Telangiectasia
Dilated superficial blood vessels
66
Define Petechia
Circumscribed deposit of blood
67
Define Ecchymosis
Circumscribed deposit of blood > 0.5 cm
68
Define Keratin Horn
Accumulation of abnormal keratin which is usually rough on palpation & difficult to remove
69
Define Warty/ Papillomatous
Surface consists of minute finger-like or round projections
70
Define Furuncle (Boil)
Skin disease caused by the inflammation of hair follicles | Results in localized accumulation of pus & dead tissue
71
Define Carbuncle
Interconnected network of furuncles
72
Distribution Terms
``` Symmetrical Asymmetrical Sun exposed areas Intertriginous Contact areas Extensor surfaces Flexural surfaces ```
73
Define Symmetrical
Involves both sides of body to a similar extent | Ex: acne, psoriasis
74
Define Asymmetrical
Involves predominantly one side
75
Examples of Sun Exposed Areas
Sunburns | Photosensitivity
76
Example of Intertriginous
Candidal rash Development of Candida in the skin grooves Ex: rash at top of but crack
77
Example of Contact Areas
Contact dermatitis
78
Example of a Skin Condition on the Extensor Surfaces
Psoriasis
79
Example of a Skin Condition on the Flexural Surfaces
Atopic dermatitis
80
Types of Margination
Sharp, well defined, or circumscribed | Poorly defined
81
Sharp, Well Defined, or Circumscribed Skin Issues
Able to draw a line around it | Transition quickly
82
Poorly Defined Skin Issues
Borders that merge into normal skin | Transition over 1 mm
83
Shapes of Skin Lesions
``` Annular Arcuate Iris Nummular Serpiginous Guttate Morbilliform ```
84
Describe Annular Shape
Ring-shaped with active margin & clear center | Ex: ring worm
85
Describe Arcuate Shape
Arched | Bow-shaped
86
Describe Iris Shape
Target lesion
87
Describe Discoid Shape
Disk-shaped
88
Describe Nummular Shape
Coin-shaped
89
Describe Serpiginous Shape
Snake-like
90
Describe Guttate Shape
Drop-sized
91
Describe Mobilliform Shape
Small confluent macules, forming irregular shapes
92
Types of Arrangements
``` Confluent Discrete Generalized or diffuse Disseminated Grouped Reticulated ```
93
Describe Confluent Arrangements
Blending into adjacent lesions
94
Describe Discrete Arrangements
Separated by normal skin from other similar lesions
95
Describe Generalized or Diffuse Arrangements
Covering most of the designated body surface
96
Describe Disseminated Arrangements
Widespread discrete lesions
97
Describe Grouped Arrangements
Multiple lesions clustered in one area | Not necessarily blending with each other
98
Describe Reticulated Arrangements
In the form of a network | Ex: mottled appearance
99
Palpation Events
Smooth Uneven Rough
100
Describe Smooth Palpation of the Skin
Normal epidermis
101
Describe Uneven Palpation of the Skin
Scaly, warty, etc.
102
Describe Rough Palpation of the Skin
Sandpaper like | Ex: keratin horn, scarlatiniform rash, crust

Dermatology (13 decks)

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