Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dermatology > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

When do female fleas begin egg production after accessing a host and how many do they lay per day

A

Start laying within 24-36hrs
Lay 40-100 eggs per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do we want flea control products with persistent activity

A

Because 5-15% of fleas won’t have emerged from pupae within 3 months; so need treatment to last longer than this with infestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What parasite are fleas the intermediate host of

A

Dipylidium caninum tapeworm
(zoonotic; common cause of pruritic skin disease in cats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do neonicotinoid flea products work

A

Selective agonists of nAChR in insects causing excitation and peristent neuronal depolarisation and paralysis of fleas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are two neonicitinoid flea products

A

Oral nitenpyram; very effective - kills fleas very quickly but only lasts a short time (excreted within 48hrs)

Imidacloprid (e.g in advantage); topic - more prolonged action of 1 month; takes 12 hours to be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What kind of products are the ‘laners’

A

Newer flea control agents
= Isooxazoline insecticides
Act to block GABA and L-glutamate gated Cl- channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are laners normally administered

A

Orally
(there is now a spot on of adoxolaner ‘nexgard’ available)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can we argue against idea that laners aren’t good for FAD because flea must bite to get access to product

A

Overall still have a significantly lower cumulative salivery load compared to other flea controls and in these treatments the fleas are killed slowly and will repeatedly attempt to feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some possible side effects of isooxazoline (laners)

A

Neurological adverse effects e.g seizures - because the neurotoxicity not strictly arthropod specific

Take care with using these in any patient with seizure history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does indoxacarb (activyl) work

A

NOvel oxadiazine spot on insecticide tightly focussed on fleas with 100% efficacy in cats for 4 weeks

= metabolised within flea to more active form; = insect selective Na+ channel blocker

Just as effective as laners; good for those which are resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dog flea products containing what chemical must not be used in cats

A

Permethrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is fox mange

A

Sarcoptic mange; from sarcoptes scabei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Signs of sarcoptic mange

A

Alopecia, extreme prurititis
Positive itch-scratch response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are sarcoptic mange itchy

A

Irritation directly from burrowing mite
+ hypersensitivity against mite waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How to diagnose sarcoptic mange

A

Clip large patch, place liquid paraffin and scrape of surface layer - then check
- May need to go deeper if not seeing anything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can adding potassium bromide before scraping for mites help with

A

Lysing keratin/blood first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Treatment for sarcopic mange

A

Selamectin or moxidectin
+ can use low dose prednisolone one diagnosed to reduce the irritation (but this doesn’t treat the mange itseld)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is red mange

A

Demodectic mange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why do we get demodectic mange on some animals

A

Overproliferation of mites (that are normally part of cutaneous flora) related to immune system suppression or defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the classic signalment of demodex

A

young dog with lesion on face

Esp: boxer, bull terrier, bulldogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which breed has a different demodex species to others

A

Wire haired fox terriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two presentations of demodicosis

A

Localised: = 4 or less lesions <2.5cm diameter; tend to self resolve with extra nutrition etc

Generalised: NEED miticidal treatment or unlikely to recover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where do we tend to see demodex lesions first

A

Face and front legs since puppies get this from mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Signs of demodectic mange

A

Lesions (starting on face) of erythema, scaling, comedones, alopecia, papules/pustules, hyperpigmentation

Also often get dry seborrhoea of ear margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is demodectic mange pruritic

A

Not due to mites BUT get pruritis due to consequences of infection e.g hair follicle rupture and contents leaking into the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many mites is suspicious of demodex and what is diagnostic

A

1 = suspicious
2 = diagnostic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Diagnosis of demodectic mange

A

Deep skin scarpins; capillary bleeding
Hair blocks
Skin squeezings onto scotch tape
Biopsies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Treatment of generalised demodixosis

A

Best = sarolaner (simparica) or other laners MONTHLY

(could also try advocate imidacloprid andmoxidectin weekly)
+ do antibacterial chlorexidine shampoo

If significant infection can consider antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How often/long do we treat demodectic mange for

A

Reassess monthly and do samples
Want to treat for 1-2 months after clinical cure (using monthly oral laner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Can we use steroids with demodectic mange

A

NO NEVER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What extra consideration should we have once a patient has been treated for demodectic mange

A

Advise to neuter and not use for breeding since there is genetic component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is cat mange

A

Notroectic mange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Signs of notroectic mange

A

Intense pruritis
Mostly ears/head/neck affected
Get excortiation with crusty thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of notroectic mange

A

Tape strips/skin scrapes
Treat with selamectin spot on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the two lice that affect dogs and which is biting vs sucking

A

Lignognathus setosus = sucking
Trichodectes canis = biting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Reservoir host of microsporum canis

A

Cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Reservoir host of trichophyon mentagrophytes

A

Rodents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Reservoir of microsporum gypseum

A

Soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Reservoir of trichophyton erinaceid

A

Hedgehogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What must we remember about ringworm

A

It is zoonotic; children often present with this due to thinner skin and more time spent with pets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which mange is zoonotic

A

Sarcoptes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Signs of dermatophytosis

A

Well circumscribed alopecia, erythema patches
Crustic
Licenificaiton
Pruritis

43
Q

Diagnosis of dermatophytosis

A

Wood’s lamp shows fluorescence of microsporum canis WITHIN HAIR (do not confuse with skin scale fluorescence non speciifc)

Trichogram hair puck
Fungal culutre
Biopsy
PCR

44
Q

Which breeds do we typically see trichophyton ringworm in

A

Ratting breeds e.g Jack Russel

45
Q

Which ringworm species fluoresceses on wood’s lamp

A

Microsporum

46
Q

Treatment of ringworm

A

Start with topical enilconazole or chlorhexidine/miconazole

May need systemic itraconazole (7 days on/off)

Treat for minimum 3 weeks but may need longer

47
Q

Aside from specific fungal treatments what topical treatment can we use in cats with ringworm

A

Lime sulphur

48
Q

What is Dermatophyic granulomas and pseudomycetomas; which breeds

A

Where dermatophilic hyphae spread into dermis/subcutis and cause nodules to form

Esp in persian cats, yorkies

49
Q

What type of yeast is malassezia

A

Lipophilis

50
Q

When do we get overgrowth of malassezia

A

Where there is changes in host defence or local microclimate
e.g ear inflammation due to dermatitis can make it more humid and allow malassezia overgrowth

51
Q

Which is the malassezia species we tend to see

A

M pachdermatis

52
Q

Which breeds are most prone to malassezia

A

Basset hound, WHWT, American cockers, sphynx, devon rex

53
Q

What do malassezia look like on diffquick

A

See peanut appearance; much larger than any staph/strep on there

54
Q

Clinical signs of malassezia (including if chornic)

A

erythema, pruritis, alopecia, greasy exudate, nail bed staining
 If chronic: get hyperpigmentation, licenification and malodour

55
Q

Treatment of malassezia

A

identify and treat underlying cause
2X weekly shampoo with 2% miconazole/2% chlorhexidine

(may need itraconazole or terbinafine systemically)

56
Q

WHat does it show us if malassezia treatment only gives partial pruritis resolution

A

It was a secondary pathogen e.g to atopic skin disease

57
Q

What is the most commonly isolated bacteria from canine skin infection

A

Staphylococcus pseudointermedius
= resident in mares, oropharynx and perianal area but only transient on the skin

58
Q

Is it significant if we find staph pseudointermedius on skin

A

Yes because only should be transient on the skin

59
Q

What is the exception to not using steroids in managing bacterial skin infections

A

Surface skin infections just to reduce pruritis and inflammation

60
Q

What is the classification of skin infections

A

Surface = just epidermis
Superficial = extending into just the hair follicles in the dermis
Deep = extending into the dermis but not contained within hair follicle - means it has transitioned from folliculitis to furunculosis

61
Q

What do you see with superficial pyoderma

A

pustules, erythema –> then crusting after epidermis lifts up when pustules rupture –> epidermal collerete –> then goes to target lesion with central hyperpigmentation

62
Q

Which breed has a defect in mucosal immunity which makes them prone to skin conditions

A

German shepherds

63
Q

When do we do cytology/C and S in pyoderma

A

Always do cytology
Can take C/S at same time as cytology and decide whether to send dependent on response

64
Q

Types of surface pyoderma

A
  • Pyotraumatic dermatitis; i.e hot spot
  • Skin fold pyoderma
  • Mucocutaneous pyoderma
65
Q

How does pyotraumatic dermatitis develop

A

Initial trauma/irritation then lots of scratching and licking which creates a rapidly expanding area of surface pathology

66
Q

Breed predilection of pyotraumatic dermatitis (hot spot)

A

Rottweilers, golden retrievers since these have dense secondary hair coat

67
Q

What should we be thinking if animals present with multiple pyotraumatic dermatitis lesions

A

Another underlying issue: fleas, allergic dermatitis flare up

68
Q

Treatment of pyotraumatic dermatitis

A

Treat as soon as possible; clip/clean wide area around, clean with chlohexidine and dry
Give topical steroids, buster collar etc

Investigate underlying cause

69
Q

Key sites and breeds for skin fold pyoderma

A

Sites = lip fold covered by top lip, facial, vulval, tail folds
Breeds: shar-pei, bulldog

70
Q

Treatment of skin fold pyoderma

A

Clipping, cleaning with chlorhexidine
+ can use clotrimazole cream if there is lots of malasseiza

Surgery = last resort to remove the fold

71
Q

What is mucocutaneous pyoderma

A

Rare conditions of lichenoid inflammation with plasma cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages

See lip swelling, pruritis, complete antibiotic-responsiveness

72
Q

Treatment of mucocutaneous pyoderma

A

4 weeks clindamycin + topical cleaning (chlorhexidine) and topical 2% mupirocin ointment

73
Q

What is puppy pyoderma

A

Superficial pyoderma
Non-follicular pustules mostly on ventrum, axillary region, inguinum
Associated with suboptimal husbandry

74
Q

Treatment of puppy pyoderma

A

antibacterial washes

75
Q

What would we see on magnifying lens that shows us it is puppy pyoderma/impetigo

A

Lesions are not follicular

76
Q

What is superficial folliculitis

A

Where there are inflammatory pustules centred around hair follicles
See tufts of hair, moderately alopecic appearance, epidermal collarettes

May have underlying issues involved: demodex, dermatophytosis

77
Q

Treatment of superficial folliculitis

A

Try to manage topically e.g chlorhexidine shampoo every few days
If not working for a few weeks use systemic antibiotics

78
Q

What should we consider if we see extensive epidermal collarettes

A

Could be superficial spreading pyoderma

79
Q

Which breed can have more severe cases of superficial spreading pyoderma

A

Shetland sheepdogs

80
Q

What is superficial spreading pyoderma

A

Common pruritic lesions most often on inguinum and axilla
Secondary
May see with superficial folliculitis

81
Q

What possible underlying causes should we consider with recurrent pyoderma

A

Fleas
Atopic dermatitis
Hypothyroidism
Cutaneous adverse reactions

82
Q

How does chlorhexidine work

A

Coagulation of bacterial proteins and degradation of bacterial membranes

83
Q

How does benzoyl peroxide work

A

oxidising agent to disrupt bacterial cell walls

84
Q

What is furunculosis

A

Extension of pathology from the hair follicle into the dermis (and sometimes subcutis) as the hair follicle breaks down and material released

85
Q

Treating deep bacterial furunculosis

A

Antibiotics for 3 weeks minimum and reassess every 2 weeks
+ topical chlorhexidine washes

86
Q

Some options of systemic antibioitcs for skin infections

A

cephalexin, co-amoxiclav, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulphonamide

87
Q

Clinical signs of deep bacterial furunculosis

A

Larger pustules, firm nodules +/- discharging tracts, poorly defined oedematous and erythematous plaques, crusts, haemopurulent discharge, haemorrhagic bullae, alopecia, pain, pruritis, often pyrexic

88
Q

What dogs get muzzle furunculosis and what age

A

Short coated dogs e.g dobermans, great dane, bulldog, mastiff

Onset around puberty 5-12 months

89
Q

Treatment of muzzle furunculosis

A

Mild cases use topical treatments e.g 2.5% benzylperoxide + poulticing, gentle squeezing; if very severe use systemic antibiotics

90
Q

Presentation of pedal furunculosis

A

Erythema, alopecia, uneven weight bearing on feet
Firm nodules, draining fistulas in feet
Often interdigital
More so in short coated breeds

91
Q

Treatment for pedal furunculosis

A

podoplasty, separation podoplasty to remove web b/w toes if this area repeatedly affected, fusion podoplasty

If not doing surgery and not infected (i.e inflammation coming from keratin) cn use topical steroids

92
Q

What is traumatic furunculosis

A

Acral lic dermatitis
Due to bored, young large breed dogs licking dorsal aspect of feet; this drives hair follicle deeper, pushing keratin into the dermis and driving foreign body reaction
+ can get bacterial infection too

= behavioural issue

93
Q

How can we deal with resistant staphylococcus

A

manage topically; shampooing every 1-3 days; ethyl lactate, chlorhexidine
May try 1 cup bleach in half a bathtub of warm water and bathe dog

94
Q

What does it suggest that isolation rates of bacteria are very low in healthy cat skin

A

Low adherence to feline skin

95
Q

What is a common cause of deep pyoderma in cats

A

Penetrating fight wounds; then infection with pasteurlla, staphs, E coli, anaerobes

FIV/FeLV could also be involved

96
Q

How does cephalexin work

A

= 1st generation cephalosporin beta-lactam
Bactericidal
Inhibits cell wall syntehsis causing osmotic instability
Excellent gram +ve cover but poor gram -ve

97
Q

How does co-amoxiclav work

A

Beta-lactam _ binds to beta lactamases
Bactericidal
Inhibits cell wall syntehsis causing osmotic instability

Excellent gram +ve cover, some gram -ve against E coli

98
Q

How does clindamycin work

A

Lincosamine antibiotics
Bacteriostatic or bactericidal
Binds 50S subunit of susceptible bacteria and inhibits protein synthesis

Most gram +ve cocci susceptible

99
Q

What antibioitic (used for skin conditions) brings risk of oesophagitis and stricture formation in cats

A

Clindamycin

100
Q

How does cefovecin work

A

3rd gen cephalosporin
Bacteriocidal
Targets cell wall synthesis
Good for skin infections + lasts 2 weeks

101
Q

How do fluoroquinolones work

A

Bactericidal via inhibition of DNA gyrase
Good effect against gram +ve and -ves (but weak on anaerobes)
= protected

102
Q

What adverse affects can fluoroquinolones cause

A

GI upset, rare reports of increased hepatic enzymes, can lead to articular cartilage abnormalities in growing animals

103
Q

What can accidental overdose of enrofloxacin/marbofloxacin in dogs and cats

A

blindness in cats
Bone marrow suppression in dogs

104
Q
A

Dermatology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions