Derm Introduction- Midterm Material (653)

Question 1

Layers of the skin:

Answer 1

epidermis, basement membrane, dermis, adnexa, subcutis

Question 2

What is contained within the dermis?

Answer 2

blood vessels, nerves, arrector pili muscles

Question 3

What is contained within the adnexa?

Answer 3

hairs, glands

Question 4

The arrector pili muscles are ___ muscle

Answer 4

smooth

Question 5

Layers of the epidermis:

Answer 5

stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Question 6

The normal appearance of the stratum corneum is:

Answer 6

anucleate, basket-weave appearance

Question 7

Parakeratosis:

Answer 7

retained nuclei in the stratum corneum

Question 8

What is contained within the stratum spinosum?

Answer 8

microfilaments between cell-cell junctions (desmosomes)

Question 9

Hair follicles are modified extensions of the __

Answer 9

epidermis

Question 10

At the base of a hair follicle is the __, surrounded by hair matrix, which is NOT __

Answer 10

papilla, pluripotent

Question 11

Hair follicle cycle:

Answer 11

anagen (growth), catagen (regression), telogen (rest), exogen (shedding)

Question 12

The majority of dog and cat hair is in the __ phase

Answer 12

telogen

Question 13

Functions of the skin:

Answer 13

barrier, sebum/oil production, thermoregulation, sensation, immune function, vitamin D production

Question 14

The dermatologic minimum database:

Answer 14

cytology, skin scraping, trichogram

Question 15

Primary lesions:

Answer 15

papules, pustules, vesicles, bullae, nodules, plaques

Question 16

Secondary lesions:

Answer 16

crusts, epidermal collarettes, scars, lichenification, hyperpigmentation, calluses, excoriations

Question 17

Primary OR secondary lesions:

Answer 17

erosions, ulcers, draining tracts, macules, patches, alopecia, scale, depigmentation, atrophy

Question 18

Pustule:

Answer 18

intra-epidermal pocket filled with purulent material

Question 19

Vesicle:

Answer 19

intra-epidermal or sub-epidermal pocket filled with serous fluid, < 1cm

Question 20

Bullae:

Answer 20

intra-epidermal or sub-epidermal pocket filled with serous fluid, > 1cm

Question 21

Pustules, vesicles, and bullae rupture easily, so you are more likely to see lesions like ___ on physical examination

Answer 21

crusts, erosions, ulcers

Question 22

Acantholysis:

Answer 22

disruption of the desmosomes between keratinocytes leading to pustule formation

Question 23

DDX of acantholysis:

Answer 23

bacterial folliculitis, pemphigus foliaceus, dermatophytosis (Trichophyton)

Question 24

DDX for vesicles:

Answer 24

FMD, vesicular exanthema of swine, pemphigus vulgaris

Question 25

Papule:

Answer 25

raised, rounded lesion, < 1cm (often erythematous)

Question 26

Nodule:

Answer 26

raised, rounded lesion, > 1cm

Question 27

Plaque:

Answer 27

raised, FLAT lesion, > 1cm

Question 28

Papules, Nodules, and Plaques are ___ lesions

Answer 28

space-occupying

Question 29

Lichenification:

Answer 29

thickened skin

Question 30

Lichenification commonly co-occurs with __, but is caused by ___

Answer 30

alopecia and/or hyperpigmentation, chrnoic inflammation/trauma

Question 31

Erosion:

Answer 31

partial loss of the epidermis

Question 32

Ulcer:

Answer 32

complete loss of the epidermis that extends through the basement membrane

Question 33

DDX for erosions and ulcers:

Answer 33

primary = necrosis (vasculitis, ischemia, chemical/physical/biologic injury)
secondary = pustule, vesicle, nodule rupture

Question 34

Macule:

Answer 34

flat discoloration, < 1cm

Question 35

Patch:

Answer 35

flat discoloration, > 1cm

Question 36

Hyperpigmentation/Melanosis:

Answer 36

additional pigment in skin

Question 37

Depigmentation/Leukoderma:

Answer 37

pigment loss in skin

Question 38

If you see hyperpigmentation, you should perform a ___

Answer 38

diascopy

Question 39

Diascopy:

Answer 39

blanches = hyperemia
no blanching = red blood cells outside of the vasculature- coagulopathy, vasculitis

Question 40

Alopecia:

Answer 40

complete hair loss

Question 41

Hypotrichosis:

Answer 41

thinning of the hair coat

Question 42

Primary causes of alopecia:

Answer 42

folliculitis, endocrine, ischemia, genetics

Question 43

Secondary causes of alopecia:

Answer 43

pruritus, surface trauma, pressure

Question 44

Scale:

Answer 44

flaky, white/tan debris on the surface of the skin (dandruff)

Question 45

Hyperkeratosis:

Answer 45

increased stratum corneum

Question 46

Cytology evaluates for:

Answer 46

microbes, inflammatory cells, neoplastic cells

Question 47

Methods for collecting cytology:

Answer 47

direct impression, tape prep, slurry, swab

Question 48

Direct impression cytology is more sensitive for __, and best for __

Answer 48

cocci, crusts, papules, pustules, epidermal collarettes, moist lesions (PYODERMA)

Question 49

Swab collection for cytology is best for:

Answer 49

ears, interdigital spaces

Question 50

Acetate tape prep for cytology is best for __ areas, and more sensitive for __

Answer 50

dry areas (lichenification, scale- no ulceration or erosion), yeast

Question 51

The slurry technique for cytology has been mainly used for __

Answer 51

horses (dermatophilosis)

Question 52

What is the main drawback of the slurry technique?

Answer 52

time consuming

Question 53

Superficial skin scraping evaluates a __ surface area than deep

Answer 53

wider

Question 54

How should you adjust the microscope before looking at a skin scrape?

Answer 54

10x mag only, lower condenser, close the diaphragm

Question 55

What is a trichogram used to evaluate for?

Answer 55

demodex (less sensitive than scrape but less invasive), dermatophytes, barbering, hair cycle phase