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Ag Med > Derm > Flashcards

Derm Flashcards

1
Q

What species does pemphigus foliaceus affect?

A

goats

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2
Q

What type of hypersensitivity occurs in pemphigus foliaceus?

A

Type II

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3
Q

Where are the lesions in pemphigus foliaceus?

A

face, limbs, abdomen, perineum and scrotum

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4
Q

What is the proposed mechanism for the pathophys of pemphigus foliaceus?

A

Autoantibodies directed against the glycocalyx or keratinocytes leads to loss of intracellular cohesiveness and blister formation

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5
Q

Dx of pemphigus foliaceus

A

biopsy

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6
Q

Trt for pemphigus foliaceus

A

prednisolone

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7
Q

Prognosis of pemphigus foliaceus

A

Unknown - not enough cases documented to adequately comment.

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8
Q

synonym for urticaria

A

wheels

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9
Q

definition of urticaria

A

transient focal swelling of the skin +/- mucous membranes representing localized areas of dermal edema.

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10
Q

common immune mediated mechanism of urticaria

A

reactions to allergens such as drugs or ingested/inhaled allergens

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11
Q

Treatment of urticaria

A

avoid the allergen and give corticosteroids

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12
Q

urticaria is one of the main manifestations of:

A

milk allergies in dairy cows

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13
Q

What is the most common type of contact dermatitis?

A

irritant- most of the time iatrogenic due to bedding, wood, medications etc…

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14
Q

causative agent of dermatophiliosis

A

dermatophilus conglensis

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15
Q

etiology of dermatophiliosis

A

G+ aerobic sporulating bacteria with branching filamentous ‘railroad tracks” growth pattern

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16
Q

synonyms for dermatophilosis:

A

curaneous streptothricosis (cattle/goats), rain scald (equine), lumpy wool, mycotic dermatitis (misnormer in sheep); strawberry footrot (sheep);

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17
Q

Is dermatophiliosis zoonotic?

A

YES!

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18
Q

What are the risk factors for dermatophilosis?

A

Humid weather (warm/cool)

prolonged rainy season

frequent spraying/dipping

crowding

breed (Merino sheep)

High fly/tick populations

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19
Q

Pathophys of dermatophilosis:

A

skin becomes soft and comprimised by excessive moisture –> motile zoospores germinate in the defect in the stratum corneum –> mycelium proliferate in living areas of the epidermis and cause initiation of neutrophilic inflammatory response –> response prvents local spread of the organism –> organism sheds in serocellular crusts with reepithelialization;

Healing requires cell mediated and humoral immune responses

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20
Q

What is the source of infection of dermatophilosis?

A

suspected to be from the soil but hasn’t officially been isolated from soil

fairly ubiquitous and survives in the environment (spores)

Chronic carrier animals tend to be a problem

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21
Q

clinical signs of dermatophilosis

A

proliferative suppurative crusts, matted hair, “paintbrush” appearance, pink to grey moist, PAINFUL granulation bed like lesions;

***Painful NOT pruritic!

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22
Q

How do you diagnose dermatophilosis?

A

Impression smear of the lesion under the crust and stain it to look for the railroad like morphology– scraping can disrupt this!

Biopsy

There are also ELISA tests and you could do culture but it requires special techniques

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23
Q

Treatment for dermatophilosis:

A

remove the predisposing factors/insult

dry out

bathing with pivodine iodine shampoos when appropriate for the operation.

topical cholorhexadine solutions

Systemic antimicrobials if severe and generalized

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24
Q

Define folliculitis

A

inflammation of hair follicles secondary to bacterial infection

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25
Q

Define impetigo

A

Less severe inflammation of epidermis NOT involving the hair follicles.

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26
Q

Define furunculosis

A

more severe inflammation involving rupture of follicles and subsequent infection of surrounding dermis and subQ tissues.

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27
Q

What species is folliculitis/furunculosis/impetigo occur in and what typically causes it?

A

Goats - caused by coag + staph spp. (S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius)

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28
Q

Where on the body will you observe folliculitis/furunculosis/impetigo lesions?

A

on the udder, abdomen, thigh and perineum

Painful not really pruritic lesions

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29
Q

Papillomatous digital dermatitis = ?

A 
hairy heel warts
foot warts
heel warts
Mortellaro's dz
Strawberry heel warts
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30
Q

Define papillomatous digital dermatitis

A

infectous/contagious dermatitis of the digital skin of cattle

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31
Q

Do hairy heal warts occur more in dairy or beef cattle?

A

Dairy

**key cause of lameness in dairy cattle!

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32
Q

Do hairy heel warts occur more in hind or front feet?

A

Hind (80%)

proximal to heel bulb and extending into the interdigital space

33
Q

describe the lesion seen with hairy heel warts

A

raised, circular to oval, discrete demarcation, with filiform papillae on the lesion and hairs 2-3X the normal length surrounding, VERY PAINFUL +/- foul odor!

34
Q

What are your DfDx for hairy heel warts?

A

foot rot

corns (interdigitial fibroma)

interdigital dermatitis

35
Q

What is the posterchild cow to get hairy heal warts and why?

A

1st or 2nd lactation
shortly after lactation

because the cow is immunocomprimised during this period due to increased energy demands and colostrum synthesis

36
Q

What are the risk factors for hairy heel warts?

A

muddy wet conditions (low O2 tension)

introduciton of carrier replacement animals

37
Q

What is the most common organism found in hairy heel warts

A

treponema spp.

typically the pathogenesis is multifactorial including environmental, microbial, host, and mangagement factors

38
Q

Treatment/prevention for hairy heel warts

A

topical antibiotics (none are labeled - be aware of extra-label drug use)

Footbaths are effective (lincomycin, oxytet, formalin, coppersulfate, zinc sulfate)

Improve stall/alley hygiene

reduce stocking rate

improve ventilation to aid in drying

disinfect foot trimming equipment

39
Q

define papillomatosis

A

warts or fibropapillomas (occurs in cattle, goats, and sheep (primarily young))

40
Q

What causes fibropapillomas?

A

Viral!

There are at least 6 bovine papilloma viruses;

Goats have their own papilloma viruses

this is rare in sheep!

*animals that become overwhelmed with these lesions are thought to have abnormalities in cellular immunity.

41
Q

TRT for warts

A

crush/pinch off/surically excise/ cryosurgery

There are also vaccines available - both commercial and autogenous

42
Q

Define Dermatophytosis

A

Ringworm/ dermatomycosis (infection of the keratinized layers of epidermis, hair, nails, hoof, and horns)

43
Q

What is the causative agent of ringworm?

A

Trichophyton primarily seen in ruminants; transmitted via direct contact between animals or via fomites (lives in organic material like wood and bedding so the enviromnent can become contaminated for years)

44
Q

What are some risk factors for development of ringworm?

A 
young age
high stocking rate
group/indoor housing
poor nutrition
comorbidities
high humidity/temperatures
carrier animals
45
Q

Clinical signs of ringworm

A

alopecia, scaling, crusting, +/- pruritis

lesions are multifocal, variable in size, and have minimal inflammation

46
Q

Diagnosis of ringworm

A

clinical signs, microscopic exam of hair around edge of lesion, culture on DTM

47
Q

Treatment of ringworm

A

typically self limiting and spontaneously regresses

can treat individuals with iodine ointments, miconazole shampoos, griseofulvin,

in groups - can mix Captan in water and spray animals 1X weekly for 2 weeks; can also mix and spray on housing material and equipment to prevent reinfection

48
Q

define pediculosis

A

infestation with lice

49
Q

how are lice maintained in the animal population

A

on carrier animals

50
Q

Clinical signs of pediculosis

A

PURITIS, dry/scaly skin, patchy alopecia, anemia if the infection is heavy with sucking lice, phytobezoars and weight loss

51
Q

Treatment for pediculosis

A

Ivermectin (for sucking lice)

Powder rubbed deeply into the hair for chewing

52
Q

Define Acariasis

A

mite infestation

53
Q

4 types of mites that infect ag animals are:

A

Psoroptic
Chorioptic
Sarcoptic
Demodectic

54
Q

Which mites are reportable?

A

Psoroptic in cattle in the USA

Sarcoptic

Demodectic and chorioptic in some states

55
Q

What mite species is zoonotic?

A

sarcoptic

56
Q

What is the key clinical sign in psoroptic, chorioptic, and sarcoptic mange?

A

PRURITIS!!

57
Q

Where are the lesions in psoroptic mange?

A

epithelial surface, crusty, papular lesions on the withers, head and ears

58
Q

Where are the lesions in chorioptic mange?

A

“Foot and leg mange” alopecia, scaling, crusting on the lower limbs and perineum, tail/tailfold

59
Q

Where are the lesions in sarcoptic mange?

A

scaling, cursting, alopecia, and self trauma seen with the head, neck, and ears commonly affected.
(can be generalized)

60
Q

What are the lesions like in demodectic mange?

A

zit like in goats - completely filled with mites;

nodular lesions typically on the head, neck, and shoulder in cattle/goats;

61
Q

What is the treatment for acariasis?

A

ivermectin (effective in all species)

Amitraz for demodex or it may spontaneously regress.

62
Q

What is stephanofilariasis?

A

filarial dermatitis transmitted by the female horn fly when she feeds on the ventral midline of cattle;

see ventral midline dermatitis which progresses to nodules and alopecia - not typically treated.

63
Q

What are 3 types of photosensitizaton?

A

Primary - circulating photodynamic agents that are activated by UV light and emit energy damaging tisues;

Secondary which there is an initial insult that damages the liver previenting it from conjugating phylloerythrin which then acts as a photodynamic agent; Phylloerythrin is a normal byproduct from the degradation of chlorophyl.

Congenital; in which there are aberrant pigments being synthesized in the body (rare)

64
Q

What are some plants that can cause primary photosensitization?

A 
ST. JOHN'S WORT
buckwheat (fagopyrum)
wild carrot (daucus)
perennial rye grass (lolium) 
burr trefoil (medicago)
Lady's thumb
65
Q

What are some drugs that can cause primary photosensetization

A

sulfonamides
tetracyclines
phenothiazine
thiazides

66
Q

Treatmetn of photosensetization

A 
Remove photo agent source
avoid sunlight -provide shade source
Abx if you have a secondary pyoderma
Wound management
symptomatic trt for liver disease.
67
Q

What is the prognosis for the types of photosensetization?

A

Primary - favorable
Secondary (hepatogenous) - poor
Congenital (porphyra) - poor

68
Q

What are other names for contagious ecthyma?

A

Orf

Sore mouth

69
Q

What causes orf?

A

poxvirus - subgroup parapoxvirus

70
Q

Is orf zoonotic/reportable?

A

YES! and YES!

71
Q

What are some risk factors for developing orf?

A

dry seasons
access to wild ruminants
surgical procedures
Failure of passive transfer (for malignant form)

72
Q

Where do orf lesions tend to occur on the body?

A

on the mucous membranes - around the nose, lips, gingiva, udder, and heel bulbs, lungs, trachea, and esophagus etc.. in the malignant form

73
Q

How is orf transmitted?

A

via contact with infected animals, surfaces, or environments!

highly contagious with high morbidity rates; and the pox virus is stable in the environment for up to 12 years!

74
Q

describe the clinical progresion of orf

A

lesions are papular –> vesicular –> pustular –> proliferative, coalescing, and scabbed

they are painful and tend to spontaneously regress in 2-3 weeks

Lambs with lesions on their muzzel and dams with lesions on their udder will be reluctant to participate in nursing.

75
Q

How do you diagnose orf?

A

Hx, clinical signs, serology +/- viral ID via culture or EM;

76
Q

What are some DfDx for orf?

A

sheep pox/goat pox – these are more virulent and cause pyrexia/rhinitis

Bluetongue - mostly mouth lesions and is seasonal for the fall while orf tends to occur in the spring

Ulcerative dermatosis

77
Q

What is the treatment for orf?

A

supportive - tube feeding etc.

Do NOT debride the lesions - can do intralesional steroids and prevent secondary bacterial infections

78
Q

How do you control orf?

A

isolate early cases and try not to contaminate the environment

vaccination is an iption but it is ineffective if the incidence is already high as well as via ewe vaccination – if your going to do it giving autogneous vaccines to 6-8 week old lambs is most effective

Ag Med (8 decks)

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